Bacillus Anthracis :: Medical Biology Bacteria Essays

Bacillus Anthracis Background: Bacillus anthracis is a gram-positive spore-forming rod. It was the first bacterium to be used to prove that bacteria caused diseases, when Robert Koch (1877) produced anthrax spores and injected them into animals. Bacillus anthracis is a commonly found in soil of grazing areas. Bacillus anthracis is not a major threat to humans and natural cases are rare even where spores are present. Encounter: Bacillus anthracis is commonly found in soil in low amounts. It affects livestock and can be transmitted to humans through improper handing of an infected animal or by eating undercooked meat from the animal. It is rare for human-to-human infection. Types of Infections and Symptoms: There are 3 main ways that anthrax can infect you. Cutaneous infections are the most common and the least deadly. The normal infection produces a small painless ulcer. If left untreated the Bacillus anthracis may make its way into the bloodstream and death will occur in about 20% of cases. Intestinal infection which comes from eating undercooked meat, and is more deadly then a cutaneous infection but less deadly then a inhalation infection. The symptoms are severe stomach pains along with diarrhea. The death rate if left untreated is between 25% and 60%. Inhalation infection is the most deadly of the infections and happens when you inhale Bacillus anthracis spores. The disease initialy resembles the common cold. This is not the uncommon type of infection, however it is important because of the possible bio-terrorism that could be associated with it. It is fatal if left untreated How it avoids the immune system and damages the host: Bacillus anthracis is a unique because it’s the only one that has a capsule of poly-D-glutamate polypeptide. The capsule helps the bacteria avoid being phagocitzed. This lets the bacteria gain a foothold inside the host. Bacillus anthracis toxin is an A-B toxin comprised of 3 protiens. The protective antigen the edema factor, and lethal factor. Individually all 3 proteins are harmless, but when together they are able to attack the lungs. The first protein is the protective antigen which helps neutralize antitoxin antibodies. The edema factor protein helps bolster the Virulence and is responable for seeking out the target cells. The last protein is the lethal factor, which is protein that is causes cell death. The toxin seeks out our cells, and is able to injects the toxin directly into them, the toxin is deadly inside the cell and quickly produces cell death.

The Importance of Aesthetic Distance in American Horror Movies :: Movie Film Essays

The Importance of Aesthetic Distance in American Horror Movies What then do we make of American horror movies? In the canon of horror pictures they almost always come second in respect to foreign horror movies and any American horror film that is considered to be artful is the one with the most aesthetic distance. Upscale slashers like Johnathan Demme's The Silence of the Lambs (1991) or David Fincher's Seven (1995) are both gruesome and bloody borrowing many of the same shock techniques as their lower budget counterparts (for example, Russell Mulchahy's Sevenish thriller Resurrection (1999)), both focus on the body and its violation, either through sexual means or violent means, and both feature villains who fit easily into Carol Clover's assessment as "distinctly male; his fury is unmistakably sexual in both roots and expression." The logic behind heaping plaudits on the upscale slashers and highbrow horror pictures lies, as with foreign horror, with the concept of aesthetic distance. Film analyst Ken Hanke theorizes that many critics simply praise so-called highbrow horror films because the acclaim comes from "people with little or no knowledge of the genre...What seemed so fresh and creative to them was largely a reshuffling of a very old bag of tricks." While Hanke's thesis is logical, I think the real reason these pictures get such acclaim is (you guessed it) their aesthetic distance. Both The Silence of the Lambs and Seven are considered to be more psychological in nature, as they present killers whose motivations are explainable. The unexplainable is infinitely more terrifying than the explainable so in elucidating the motivations to their gruesome behavior the audience is given an easy out. Believing that evil has a root cause, the audience does not have to accept the shocking hypothesis that evil can simply exist without rhyme or reason. Even in the masterpiece Halloween (1978) we are tossed a half-hearted psychological explanation as to why Michael Myers does what he does. The psychobabble that Donald Pleasance spouts is simply that Myers is "pure evil," and there are some vague connections made between Myers witnessing his sister engaging in premarital sexual activity and his slaughtering tendencies. Director John Carpenter t hen gets to have a killer who seems like a force of nature, yet is still explainable within the realm of psychology. Carpenter also gives his audience a sense of aesthetic distance through his numerous in-jokes and references to other horror films.

Racial Prejudice in French and British Immigration Policy Essay example

Racial Prejudice in French and British Immigration Policy FRANCE AND BRITAIN TODAY ARE SHADOWS OF THE GREAT COLONIAL EMPIRES they once dominated, yet the consequences of their imperial acquisitions continue to linger as both countries seek to moderate the immigration of persons from countries once part of vast imperial collections.   In general, there is little public concern when an immigrant hails from Canada or Australia or another ‘white’ dominion.   It’s a different reaction, however, when it’s a low-skilled black immigrant from Algeria or the Caribbean.   This ‘reaction’ by both the general public and policy-makers results in immigration legislation that unduly discriminates on the basis of race, ethnicity, and national origin. It is recognized that countries cannot have full open-door immigration policies as the effects on national well-being would be staggering.   There is, however, a great deal of latitude for countries to shape policies that provide equal-opportunity for migrants without regard for race, ethnicity, or national origin, or, on the contrary, to enact legislation that discriminates on the basis of these attributes.   In the case of Britain and France during the past 40 years, immigration policies have drifted from the latter to the former, without fully characterizing either of these two extremes. During the latter half of the twentieth century, strong anti-black and anti-minority sentiment has been veiled in the form of anti-immigration stances by leading political parties in both France and Britain.   These positions were regulated in both countries by public sentiment, party power, and the economic well-being of the country.   In the case of France, however, the emergence of the prominent French nat... ..., is not foreseeable. It is lamentable that the immigration policies of France and Britain have become so restrictive during the past 40 years, but one can only hope that the next 40, whether as individual states or in unison as EU members, bring a gradual decline in the racially prejudicial nature of French and British immigration policy.    Works Cited ‘Background to British National Law.’   Britain in the USA.   British Information Services.   19 July 1998.   . Hargreaves, Alec G.   Immigration, ‘Race’ and Ethnicity in Contemporary France.   London:   Routledge, 1995. Miles, Robert.   ‘The Articulation of Racism & Nationalism.’   Racism & Migration in Western Europe.   Ed. John Solomos and John Wrench.   Oxford:   Berg, 1993. Solomos, John.   Race & Racism in Britain.   New York:   St. Martin’s Press, 1993.

High School Enrollment System

Chapter II Review of Related Literature These are the studies and documentation that were gathered which can support the proposed system and will serve as an overview of the presentation of the system analysis. The remarks that have been gathered show the demand for this kind of software. It not Just ease the burden of the users but also it gives the system consistency which only specialized software can provide. It includes the foreign and local studies. These data are important aspect in the development of the project. The following are the works the researcher have taken into consideration: Local StudiesHealth system around the world are now facing a crisis of personnel shortage, low morale, and fading of trust. This has led to loss of health workers, weakening of health services, and erosion of public trust in the health system. For the enhancing and effectiveness support from the government must apply to them definitely. 1 . Provincial Government of Vulcan District Hospital Info rmation System (THIS) The District Hospitals serve areas in the Province of Vulcan which are outside the catchments area of the Provincial Health Office, based in the City of Mallows . The THIS was piloted in Reaction M.Mercado Memorial Hospital (RUMMY) in Sat. Maria, Vulcan in the year 2003. To date, all the other district hospitals in Baling (Baling District Hospital), Hexagon (Emilio G. Perez Memorial District Hospital), Vulcan (Gregory Del Pillar District Hospital), Calumet (Vulcan Maternity and Children's Hospital), and San Miguel (San Miguel District Hospital), are starting to utilize the system in their daily operations. THIS transforms the administration of the district hospitals under the Provincial Health Office from manual to digital. The system automates transactions, linking data entered at the Admission Section or PODDepartment, the Pharmacy, Laboratory, X-Ray, Billing, Collection and Records Section. Inventory and supplies data are entered at the Supply Section. Becau se the system uses an integrated database, it reduces the volume of redundant paper files kept in separate locations within the District Hospitals. The centralized database also makes it easier for users to process and retrieve data. The THIS thus enables the hospital staff to deliver services faster in a more organized manner, more accurately, and more conveniently. They can now process data and provide feedback to clients.The automation has also decreased the time spent by staff on their routine work. The THIS provide a number of support services, Entry of Incoming Supplies, Requests, and Issued Supplies, Patient's Bill, Accomplishing Patient's Philately Form. Compared to MASH Record and Billing System include administrative services relating to personnel, supplies, inventory, and finances. The staff maintains an inventory of medical supplies and medicines. The billing section computes bills for patients. These support services require an organized management and presentation of d ata, accuracy in recording, computation, and reporting, and nonviolence of use. . Medical Center Manila Nursing Services Monitoring System Department of Health and accredited by the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation. Managed and operated by Hospital Management Services, Inc. (HAMS), MGM was established in 1967 by a group of distinguished physicians who were graduates of the University of the Philippines-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PUGH), headed by Nobel Prize Nominee and National Scientist for Nuclear Medicine Dry. Paulo C. Campus, made possible with the whole hearted support of Mrs.. Caseload Lori Dildo and Mrs.. Josephine Murphy-Conjuring.The Nursing Services Monitoring System will feature a network of computers that transmit and receive scheduled of nursing services. Access to the system is limited through password for ever user and user domain. A user must first log-in into the system before he can actually penetrate any module in the system. Main menu is displayed aft er logging in. The system feature the kinds of nursing services rendered to the patient as well as the schedule of these. Compared to MASH Record and Billing System, The MOMS focus only on the improvement of the quality of nursing services.The system aims at providing support for the nurses who are under heavy loads of patients. The MASH Record and Billing System is developed to improve the quality of services that the hospital can give to the patients. It utilizes a centralized patient record to connect the people and process that drive the business. 3. Philippine General Hospital Care System The Philippine General Hospital (PUGH) is a tertiary state-owned hospital administered and operated by the University of the Philippines, Manila, the University of the Philippines System's Health Sciences Center.It is the largest overspent hospital administered by the university, and is designated as the National University Hospital. It is located at Eremite, Manila in the Philippines. It is t he biggest hospital in the country with a 1,500-bed capacity. It is a mixed-use hospital, with 1,000 beds for indigent patients and 500 beds for private patients, and offers some of the lowest rates for patients and is generally known as the hospital for indigent patients. The computing history of the Philippine General Hospital has proven its capacity to maintain its vision to be premiere institution to take care of problems and related diseases.The Philippine General Hospital (PUGH) had been using a computer for its business operation, particularly for its Patient Billing. With the purchase of its first general-purpose computer, programs were developed automate the process of Discharging of Check-up Package Medical Patient, Notice of Additional Deposits, Balance Summary Report, Income Center Report, and Patient Directory. Access to the system is limited through password for every user and user module in the system. Main menu is displayed after logging in.It has management mechanis m that efficiently locates and monitors nursing human availability. The Philippine General Hospital Care System developed the automate process of Discharging of Check-up Package Medical Patient, Notice of Additional Deposits, Balance Summary Report, Income Center Report, and Patient Directory that is limited only to patients. Compared to MASH Record and Billing System, it improve the quality of services that the hospital can give to the patients and also manages the stock of medicines.It utilizes a centralized Inventory system to monitor and to prevent shortage of medicine availability. 4. Capitol Medical Center Record System the year 2003. Capitol Medical Center Inc. Hurst to digitize the medical records is a major step in providing the patients and medical professionals with a more efficient system of archiving and retrieving patient records. It is a user friendly and each record contain all necessary information related to a patient, from time of admission, diagnosis, to date of discharge, and procedures performed.This database will include no less than 40 fields in each patient's record that will make it wholly complaint with the reporting standards of Department of Health (DOD) and Philippine Health Insurance Corporation (PHILATELY). The CM record archiving system will have the ability to access the millions of records we now have in storage. Where it would normally take us three days to retrieve and print out a patient's medical records, the archive system can help us to dramatically reduce this waiting time to Just minutes.Compared to MASH Record and Billing System, The CM have the ability to access medical records in providing the patients and medical professionals that is limited only to patients. MASH Record and Billing System, improves the quality of services relating to personnel, supplies, inventory, and finances, maintains an inventory of medical supplies and medicines, computes bills for patients. This is a valuable tool for Hospital management. 5. Computerizing of Medical Record (COM) The developer Dry. Victor E.Pollack developed the software for keeping the medical records of the patients and for the fast and easy access of user in searching the information. The system implement includes the on-line computerized data handling system. The system has objectives to the successful computerized system which includes a demonstrated superiority to the current record systems in case of clinical SE while providing pertinent and complete information, and while recording important and unexpected complications or physiologic processes.The capability of improving the decision making processes in clinical data; the provision of a model for monitoring the quality of medical care, and on-line availability of the data at any time for clinical use and interpretation. The COM uses on-line computerized data handling system to access current record systems that is limited only to having an Internet connection that will be costly for a hospit al. Compared to MASH Record and Billing System, it allows the user to access, edit, check, print and store record of a selected patient without the use of Internet connection.Foreign Studies The Science and Technology of medicines has incredibly advanced from simple medical practices to computer-aided robotics that literally performs. The developers of this system expect the readers to be enlightened with vision of conducting more thesis that concern the innovation and creation of utility aids for the purpose of improving medical services. 1 . Patient Management Information System (MIS) MIS by Dry. Usury Bali is used by several hospitals in the U. S. Because of its functionality, efficiency and effectiveness.It was improved legibility and completeness of documentation, data with better accessibility and accuracy. The Patient Management System is a user-friendly, window-based system software that includes billing, scheduling and management reporting. It has additional modules that in terface to MIS includes collections clinical information and third party products. An effective information system of Patients in hospital is critical to the directly affected when are record are wrong or someone's are missing a file or record. The MIS will organize, systematize, and it will take care of the records.Changes in reimbursement rates and regulations for the outpatient rehabilitation industry are motivating clinic owners and administrators to find new ways to improve productivity, slash administrative costs and eliminate sources of claim denials. Connecting the people involved in these processes when they need it is key to improving your clinic's business performance. This study is similar to our research in a way they're objectives in making this system is the same. They both target to have a organize, systematize records. The patients will have accurate patient files.But on the contrary this system targets also on the unrelated studies and additional modules includes c ollections clinical information and third party products. While in the our system focuses only the patient and the hospital management that is much related to the study. 3. Hospital Information System of SCM Corporation This Creative Socio- Medics Corporation's mission in providing hospital information system is to deliver the best technology, application and services to the health and human services industry by Pill Chunk, Thomas You and Noah Schneider. CreativeSocio- Medics Corporation provides hospital information system and software, such as its Avatar Suite products to both the public and private health and human services, healthcare, medical system, plastic surgery, health development for integrating EMMER, managed care, Doctor Technology, computer systems Electronic Medical Record, Cross-platform. Well-known system such as this provides the hospital along with its employees and patients, much ease, reliability and functionality. It provides one place to go for referrals, pati ent intake and scheduling, clinical documentation, charge entry, insurance authorization and billing management.Comparably this system is the same with the research study we conduct. They both provide medical records of patient, billing statement, patient intake and scheduling by the use of computerized technology. On the other hand our research only focus on the medical problems. Likewise these system also focus on the Hospital Information that are not related to patients. 4. LLC – Hospital Management Information System Hospital Management Information System by Rowena Luck and Melissa Ho in Ghana, addresses the entire major functional areas of modern multi-specialty hospital.Package enables better patient care, patient safety, and efficiency and reduced costs. Provide easy access to critical information. The system provides the benefits of streaming of operations, enhance administration and control, improved response, cost control and improved profitability. Hospital Managem ent Information System is developed on the latest relational database system Visual Basic 6. 0. Hospital Management Information System can be easily customized to the experiments of any hospital. It helps in maintaining a totally secured database of Patients and business information.This system is GUI with user friendly screens and has an easy installation. Has an easy data retrieval with single mouse click and fully parametric billing structure with security features and Service provided by hospital. It can easily Back-up and restore facility without manual intervention. This system is very much related with our Basic 6. 0. And it also provide patient's record. The difference, is our system don't provide easy access to critical information that is limited to the Administrator but can be viewed by user. Some hospital prefer to restrict access of Patients personal Record because it is much safer. . Master Hospital Information System The Master Hospital Information System by Julienne Pays, Frederic Serviceman's and Gallinule Gingered help you ensure that your organization has a clearer claim before dropping the bill. Some hospital, medical groups, and other Healthcare organizations have installed computer system to manage patients information. This will give immediate access to complete patient information as well as tools to guide decision- making and help prevent errors. The complexity of outpatient data flow creates problems many hospital are endings extremely difficult to solve.Master Hospital Information System has develop a software solution to support outpatient coding and basic patient data management task. Hospital enjoy the flexibility of choosing the software modules they need and also implementing them in phases. The Master Hospital Information System provide patient information and bill limited only to patients. Compared to MASH Record and Billing System, it manages and monitor the patients and also deal with the stock of medicines. It has an Invent ory system to monitor and to avoid shortage of medicine availability.

Awareness of an Organic Food Essay

I. Introduction A. What is awareness of an organic food? 1. How curious are consumers toward buying an organic food? 2. Are organic foods providing more than health benefits for consumer and environment? 3. What are the reasons for choosing an organic food throughout our daily life? B. Understanding the awareness of consuming an organic food. II. What is an organic food? A. Organic foods are considered to be more nutrient dense than their counterparts produced via modern farming practices. B. The word an organic is a labeling term that denotes products produced under the authority of the Organic Foods Production Act. C. The definition shades the meaning most people associate with the term, such as the use of non-chemical fertilizers and pesticides as the food is being grown. III. How curious are consumers toward buying an organic food? A. The fastest growing segment of U. S. agriculture. B. A physician and researcher; Dr. David Thomas, studied and compared the United States government guidelines and tables for the nutritional content of various foods. C. Data shows that the decision to shop an organic food. D. What you eat builds and maintains your body. IV. Are organic foods providing more than health benefits for consumer and environment? A. Eating an organic food will provide vital foundations for health. B. How they are farmed. 1. Levels of certain nutrients in relation to the commercially available counterparts produced via modern farming practices. C. Conventional agricultural methods can cause water contamination. V. What are the reasons for choosing an organic food throughout our daily life? A. Effect on health. 1. You are what you eat a. Eat an apple, and you eat life: vitamins, minerals, water, and more. Eat pesticide residue, and you fill your body with poisons 2. Food is your best medicine a. Choose foods that are known to bring us health, energy, and peace of mind 3. Pay now or pay later a. Pay now for delicious, healing food or pay later for medical bills, illness, and suffering 4. We prefer life over death a. Choose which will bring us greatest energy, happiness, and health b. Not choose which will bring us fatigue, depression or anxiety, ailments, illnesses, diseases, or death. 5. Earth needs your help a. Every choice we make has an impact on environment b. Your choices make a difference 6. Healthy plants mean healthier soil, water, birds, worms, animals, plants, air, and you a. The natural path honors nature and works in harmony with earth as we achieve harmonious health VI. Conclusions A. Not cost effective considering the damage to health. B. There are choices in our own hand whether to choose an organic food or a conventional food as we consuming and taste it by ourselves. REFERENCES Havey, H. (February 16, 2009). Top Six Reasons To Eat Only Organic Fruits And Vegetables. Retrieved September 21, 2010 from http://www. naturalnews. com/025643_food_organic_health. html Minton, B. L. (February 10, 2009). Buying Organic Is Well Worth The Cost Even When Times Are Tough. Retrieved September 21, 2010 from http://www. naturalnews. com/025570_food_organic_health. html Walters, S. (May 15, 2009). Organic Foods Provide More Than Health Benefits. Retrieved September 21, 2010 from http://www. naturalnews. com/026266_food_organic_health. html.

First national bank case study Essay

A brand is the idea or image of a specific product or service that consumers connect with, by identifying the name, logo, slogan, or design of the company who owns the idea or image. Branding is when that idea or image is marketed so that it is recognizable by more and more people, and identified with a certain service or product when there are many other companies offering the same service or product. Advertising professionals work on branding not only to build brand recognition, but also to build good reputations and a set of standards to which the company should strive to maintain or surpass. Branding is an important part of Internet commerce, as branding allows companies to build their reputations as well as expand beyond the original product and service, and add to the revenue generated by the original brand. When working on branding, or building a brand, companies that are using web pages and search engine optimization have a few details to work out before being able to build a successful brand. Coordinating domain names and brand names are an important part of finding and keeping visitors and clients, as well as branding a new company. Coordination of a domain name and brand names lends identification to the idea or image of a specific product or service, which in turn lets visitors easily discovery the new brand. Branding is also a way to build an important company asset, which is a good reputation. Whether a company has no reputation, or a less than stellar reputation, branding can help change that. Branding can build an expectation about the company services or products, and can encourage the company to maintain that expectation, or exceed them, bringing better products and services to the market place. 1.2 Audi: commodity, products, company, brand? differentiates between a brand and a commodity by stating that â€Å"Branding is associated with added costs in the form of marketing, labelling, packaging and promotion. Commodities are ‘unbranded’ or undifferentiated products. distinguish the difference between a product and a brand, by saying, that a product â€Å"is anything that meets the functional [tangible] needs of customers†. In this context, one can say that a commodity represents basic, unbranded products such as Steel or other raw materials. However, products represent the next level, in this case it is automobiles. As a result, the brand level, which has intangible benefits, is represented by a particular brand in the automobile industry. However, Audi is a company brand which means, that the â€Å"name of the company identifies the brand†. This view is supported by Kapferer (2004, p.5) and Olins (2008, p.52) who both state that the corporate name is used at the same time as the name of the brand. 1.3.AUDI – major characteristics Audi is the jewel of the crown within Volkswagen group as well as the driving force of growth. Until the mid-1990s, Audi cars were still seen as poor man’s Mercedes or BMWs. However, since the 1996 A4 and then the head-turning TT, Audi has established itself as a leader in style and quality. Its technology also shines in powerful turbocharged engines, quattro 4WD, aluminum spaceframe chassis and advanced transmissions. Now Audi has become a strong premium brand like BMW and Mercedes-Benz. The lifestyle of many people has changed in the sense that, there is a development towards an environmentally friendly way of life and Audi should take advantage of this. Even though Audi already takes necessary steps toward the protection of the environment, it should emphasise that it’s a hydrogen combustion Strategy is competitive to BMW’s engine for example. Audi should aim to become the economic and environmental leader in the worldwide automobile market. Audi should expand their brands on the worldwide market and emphasise their different price ranges and target markets in order to create customer loyalty and affection for the brand. Furthermore, Audi should be aware that there are still new customers entering the market, for example young people. By targeting this group, Audi has the chance to mature with this audience, which supports the establishment of customer loyalty. In this context, After Sales Service plays an important role in maintaining the customers and encouraging repeat purchase. Audi should aim to improve customer satisfaction and brand image through enhanced dealer networks and an upgraded service. Furthermore, Audi did considerably well in surviving the economic crisis, not just because of their high brand equity and their excellent sales in the last year. However, in expanding this equity in the future, financial backing could be established, which could help Audi to become number one worldwide, and help Audi perform better against the competition. This emotional relationship should be expanded by continuing to offer high quality cars to every segment of society, ranging from young drivers to old, loyal drivers.

Caribbean Civilization

Lecture Lesson IV IV. Race, Nationalism, Independence, Dependence and Regionalism. The genesis of colonialism in the Caribbean and how it has taken root in the political, social and economic institutions. Race and Class and how they both cohere to shape the social, political and economic landscape of the Caribbean.Explain and understand how these forces work to determine the mosaic of Caribbean society, for example, how they resonate and reinforce rigid institutional hierarchies in education, politics and religion and they have been the major determinants of stratification and social identity in the region since colonization. Can we divorce race and class from nationalism? Students are then asked to provide an answer to this. What is plantation society and why is still so important to Caribbean society.How race, class and nationalism are bound up in the legacy of the plantation society created by the colonizers. For example features of Plantation Society are:  ¦ – keeping co lonial peoples technologically deficient  ¦ maintaining colonial peoples as producers of primary raw materials  ¦ keeping colonial peoples bound to the mother country through the policy of trade exclusivism  ¦ limited horizontal linkages between the colonies except through the British government  ¦ The legacy of colonialism has shaped contemporary politics in the region.It has led to among other things the establishment of a colour hierarchy white over brown over black. And, it has been institutionalised by the political systems in the region.  ¦ The Comprador Bourgeoisie: In the English-speaking Caribbean, the landowning class owed loyalty ultimately to the metropolis, even though it might have disagreed on particular policies implemented in the colonies or on the correct system of government to be pursued. ‘ More than economic interests, the plantocracy by the end of the nineteenth century was united in defence of its whiteness. The nation states of the region are still struggling to establish sovereignty. This is partly because key roles in decision-making are still assigned to the metropolitan state, to international organizations or to elites allied to external markets, who view the masses of the region not as fellow citizens but as groups to be excluded from society and the polity. In these circumstances, nation-building is incomplete. Examine the rise of the nationalist class with strong family connections and class cleavages and how they usurped the role of the working class and their access to power.As such even though the nationalists led us towards ‘independence’ political parties are still controlled by the middle class, who are often financed by private capital and only using as voting support the mass of the people who are still basically apathetic and alienated from government. One finds that much of government time is still taken up with politicking the community. Examine the role of the nationalists in relation to independence as these contested groups are in conflict as they seek to exclude others from membership.Examine the contradictions within this group as they serve to reinforce dependent relations manifested through coordinated groupings such as the comprador bourgeoisie. ‘Independence’ did not usually result in radical changes in the lives of the majority. Hierarchies were reproduced, just deracialised in the Caribbean. In many cases, the change was mostly a matter of American born whites replacing the British born whites or West Indian intelligentsia, replacing the British colonials. Democratic constitutions were facades. Political and economic power still remained concentrated in the hands of a few linked by class, ethnicity and religion.Examine whether independence is genuine or not. Look at the notion of neo-colonialist tendencies that exist for example: †¢ The economies are still controlled from outside and therefore important decisions on the use of resources t he distributions of wealth and foreign policy is largely also controlled from outside. †¢ Constitutional reality does not always coincide with political reality. The territories of the West Indies still exhibit characteristics of rigidly stratified societies with gross inequalities of wealth and status and an alarming and growing state of unemployment overall poverty and economic dependence. These countries’ independence did not usually result in radical changes in the lives of the majority. Rather, hierarchies were reproduced, just deracialised in the Caribbean. The change was mostly a matter of American born whites replacing the British born whites. Democratic constitutions were facades. Political and economic power still remained concentrated in the hands of a few linked by class, ethnicity and religion. In light, of the above examine if independence is a facade. -Can there be a true West Indian identity since the Caribbean is constructed on faulty premises? What is i t within our psyche that has impeded so natural and so necessary a development in the West Indies? -Look at how race and class and nationalism interweave and how they have helped to undermine more genuine attempts at forging a Caribbean identity. Examine why a West Indian identity is critical to the realization of any integration movement. Outline the negative reasons of what could happen if we do not forge a Caribbean region that draws on our collective strength through unity and for a common brotherhood and enlightened nationalism.How can we best improve our society such as government’s role in involving the people of the region through not only informing them but also fully involving them in the processes of decision-making on the forms of political unity. †¢ For example: That the forms of regional unity do not merely institutionalize social inequality and economic justice but improve our capability to redress them and provide machinery that will make an obligation to do so effectively. †¢ We must have a commitment to the ideal of nationhood and a capability n the part of that leadership to generate that commitment throughout our communities. †¢ We must be ready to act in pursuit of that commitment of a regional identity along with those within the region who share that commitment and resolution. But in so acting we must make clear that we proceed on no basis of divisiveness or of exclusion. †¢ While it is the responsibility of government to initiate action it is essential that the people of the region shall not merely be fully informed but fully involved in the processes of decision-making.That the forms of unity do not merely institutionalize social inequality and economic justice but improve our capability to redress them and provide machinery that will make an obligation to do so effectively. †¢ Education becomes important, but not just any type of education: †¢ Scientific reclamation and revitalisation: †¢ We m ust be able to see ourselves not only as a people with rhythm but also with reason, and intellect. We have to instill in our curriculum scientific technology for a new age. Examine the notion that one of the hallmarks of colonialism was to give to the colonies whatever was obsolete in Europe.And we still find developed countries shipping their discards to the world they helped underdeveloped and we must therefore study the latest technologies and teach them in our schools. The lecture provided other examples which students may wish to research. Drawing on the history of race and class and nationalism and independence and regional integration, it seems clear that any West Indian identity that does not stand on a regional base of social equality and economic justice does not rest on sure foundations and will not survive the stress of internal social upheaval and the shifting sands of uneven regional development. References Beckford, G. (1972) Persistent Poverty, New York: Oxford Unive rsity Press.  ¦ Hall, K. (2001) ‘The Caribbean Community: Beyond Survival,’ Kingston: IRP.  ¦ James, CLR, (1962) ‘The Middle Classes,’ in Lowenthal, D. and Comitas L. (1973) Consequences of Class and Colour: West Indian Perspectives, New York: Anchor Books.  ¦ Levitt, K. and Witter, M. (1996) The Critical Tradition of Caribbean Political Economy, Jamaica: IRP.  ¦ Manley, M. (1982) Struggle in the Periphery, London: Heineman  ¦ Munroe, T. (1985) Introduction to Politics, Jamaica: UWI.  ¦ Nkruhmah, K. (1965) Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism, London: Nelson. Payne, A. and Sutton, P. (1984) Dependency under Challenge: The Political Economy of the Commonwealth Caribbean, Manchester.  ¦ Ryan, S. (1972) Race and Nationalism in Trinidad and Tobago, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.  ¦ Stone, C. (1971) Decolonisation and Political Change in Jamaica and Trinidad, USA: Sage Publications.  ¦ Sunshine, C. (1996) The Caribbean, Surviva l, Struggle and Sovereignty, Washington: Epicon.  ¦ Watson, H. ed. (1994) The Caribbean in the Global Political Economy, Jamaica: IRP.  ¦ Williams, E. (1970) From Columbus to Castro, New York: Harper and Row.