The argument behind this is that if ones parents

Alcohol is a drink that is consumed orally and has an intoxicating effect. A drug when it is defined using medical terms is any substance that when consumed affects body functions whether positively or negatively. The argument is that medically prescribed drugs can help one recover from a certain illness but when drugs are taken for fun can lead to addiction and other bad side effects.As per the above given definition, alcohol qualifies to be a drug and thus should be controlled like other drugs. The essence of this paper is to support the argument that alcohol is a dangerous drug and thus should be controlled.Alcohol is one of the most abused drug with the most affected being the youths. No one wants to become an alcoholic victim but one accidentally finds himself in it. It is hard to determine when one would become its victim or not as there are many underlying factors that act as catalyst. One person may consume it for a short time and become addicted while another might take alon g time before becoming one.There are two theories that are advanced by psychologists and sociologists and thus each of them takes the respective perspective. According to psychologists there are some genetic predispositions that determine if one will become an addict or not.The argument behind this is that if ones parents were addicts then the chances of one becoming like them are higher. The other theory advanced by the later is that there are some social factors that may cause one to become addicted these are factors like environmental factors such as cultural exposures and other social practices.Any drug that can lead to addiction like alcohol is dangerous and thus should be controlled. Apart from this, it has a wide range of health effects for example it interferes with normal brain functioning something that causes psychiatric disorders such as depressive disorder, panic disorder and anxiety disorder. Unlike other dugs like cocaine and heroine where withdrawal can only be fatal if one has other health complications, alcohol withdrawal can be fatal.The reason behind this is that when alcohol is taken it stimulates the GABA receptors something that causes anxiety and when it is consumed in large amount and consistently, it desensitizes and reduces these receptors thereby causing the body to be entirely dependent on it such that when it is abruptly stopped, it leads to the breakdown of the central nervous system.The victim immediately registers some life threatening seizures or convulsions, hallucinations and in extreme cases it results to heart failure (Cohen, Sidney. 1983).Socially it has led many to lose their prestigious jobs as when people become addicted they are forced to consume it even when they are supposed to be busy at work and in sober mind. This economically affects the productivity of companies as drunken people cannot be expected to be productive. If anything they make them incur loses as they put off the very customers they are expected to s erve. For this reason, alcohol is an obstacle to development and should thus be banned completely (Cohen, Sidney. 1983).Studies show that alcohol car related car accidents are the main cause of death of the youth between 15 and 24. It also increases suicide, homicide and drowning cases as in most cases victims who commit suicide are drunkards or those who are drowned are its victims.Alcohol also interferes with ones thought system and for this reason; most drunkards do no reason appropriately. Alcoholism leads to reduced judgment and that is why victims can cross a busy road without checking whether the road is safe or not and one end up being hit. Most car accidents are drivers who are under the influence of drugs. Like it is mentioned above, alcohol clouds ones judgment such that it is hard to think straight.When one is drunk he/she loses control over everything such that one is aware that something is happening but cannot take the appropriate measure and that is how accidents res ult. â€Å"Alcohol, even at low doses, significantly impairs the judgment and coordination required to drive a car safely.† (Partnership for a Drug Free America).According to a survey that was done by the Davis Law Group in 2007, about 12, 998 died in car accidents where drivers were under the influence of alcohol. If these cases are to be reduced, then the government must wake up and adopt a zero tolerance strategy to alcoholism (Davis Law Group. 2007).

Understanding Leadership Styles

Understanding leadership styles within an organisation Set out here the various leadership styles ie Alimo Metcalfe The engaging leadership model. Also add afew more . The set the scene for LBE Ethos for leadership. Followed by my own style of management and what impact that as on the team. This assignment will firstly address the meaning of leadership, followed The Leadership role is said to be â€Å"the manner and approach of providing direction, implementing plans and motivating people† (Us Army handbook 1973Miltary Leadership) There are said to be three styles of leadership, 1, Authoritarian or Autocratic , Participative or democratic 3, Delegative or free reign Good leaders are said to use all three styles of leadership, with one being more dominate than the others. Leaders that tend not to be good at their role tend to use only one style. Authoritarian This style is used when the leader tells an employee what she/he wants done and how of this method is when you have all the information to solve the problem but there is little time and the employees are well motivated.This style should only be used on rare occasions. This can be used if staff needs to be instructed to complete a piece of work. Participative This leadership style involves the leader and one or more employee, in the decision making. However it is the leader that makes the final decision. This method is used when the leader has part of the information and the employees have the other. The leader does not have to know everything; hence the employee being a knowledgeable and skilful employee could assist the leader.Using this style is of a mutual benefit, as it allows the employee to feel part of a team and allows the leader to make better decisions. This style of managing is useful if you wish the staff to be involved in the decision making and allows the staff to be part of the team. It also enables the managers to utilise the skills, experience and expertise within the team. Delegativ e In this style the leader allows the employee to make the decision. The leader however remains responsible for the decisions that are made.This method can be used when the employees are able to analyse the situation and decides what is to e done and how to do it, it allows for the leader to set priorities and delegate certain tasks. This should be used when there is full trust and confidence in the employee. The forces that influence the style to be used are: * How much time is available * Are relationship based on respect and trust or on disrespect and mistrust. * Who has the information * How well employees are trained and how well they know the task. * Internal conflicts Stress levels * Type of task i. e. structured, unstructured, complicated, or simple. * Laws or established procedures. In using this style of managing is what you would want to have within your team, but this would be dependant on the member of staff, their skills, experience and whether they can be trusted to c arry out their task. The London Borough of Enfield has devised a document called the â€Å"Councils Leadership Competencies Framework, which describes the competencies and levels that they want their leaders to aspire to.The framework has been developed to reflect the council’s ethos and the major changes that are to take place within the council, with a shrinking budget and resources and an ever more rising demands on our services. The model that the council promotes is one that gives leaders the opportunity to analyses their leadership roles and responsibility. The London Borough of Enfield has thirteen competencies within the framework. These are arranged in four clusters, Personal Resources, Core Behaviours, Leadership and Technical and Professionals Skills. There is an expectation that as managers we will adopt this style of leadership. Views a

Criminal Minds Essay

Essay is â€Å"Criminal Minds† it is a Police Procedural† about a team of profilers in the FBI’s Behavioral Analysis Units (Criminal Minds 2014). The team’s job is to establish a profile of the suspect. The suspect is always a criminal who committed unusual crime. This program is chosen because it clearly displays social deviance. The suspects in this Police Programs are not ordinary criminals. They usually suffer from a mental or personality disorder that makes the incapable of remorse. The criminals were serial killer, child rapist, cult murderers and cold blooded murders. The FBI team often meets together and study the evidence in the crime scene. The evidence may include the manner of killing, the motive, the weapons use and the strategy to conceal the crime helps the FBI establish a personality profile of the suspect or criminal. The criminals in these programs are social deviant and the where labeled by the police organization as deviant based on the crimes they committed. The FBI behavioral analysis unit who work hand in hand with the police, labels the suspects as not the everyday criminal. The criminals were extremely dangerous and usually suffering from behavioral disorders or mental illness. They are not normal criminals who committed their crimes because of survival or to earn money. These criminals usually commit their crimes due to passion, for fun or for some superstitious belief. The FBI unit labels these criminals as the most deviant of all criminals; they are extremely dangerous and will continue to commit their crimes until they are caught. It is therefore necessary for the FBI unit to build a personality profile of the criminal in order to known which is the next victim and where will be the next crime. The FBI team is the one doing the labeling for the deviance. The crimes committed by the criminals and the criminals themselves could be considered as primary deviance (Siegel, 2008). The crimes are murders; homicide, robbery and rape are all primary deviance. The criminal is pursued, arrested killed or sent to jail by the FBI team. This is the penalty of the criminal. They are treated and penalized like any ordinary criminal but the FBI team labels them as extre mely dangerous criminal. This is secondary labeling. Because they are labeled as extremely dangerous, they become top priority of the organization. The FBI may sometimes employ questionable practices just to capture these extremely dangerous criminals. They may sometimes hack the email of the suspect just to know what is in his mind. Another instance of  secondary labeling is when cult members commit a crime and then when another crime is committed, they were being blamed for the crime simply because they are cult members. Some individuals in this program are not actually criminals and do not actually commit a crime. Such as in the episode where Satanist are considered suspect for the crime they did not commit. However, the FBI have encountered murders and homicide committed by cult members. Hence, when a murder was committed and style of the murder is similar to a cult, the FBI agents quickly concluded that the Satanists were involved. There are no cults in the community but there are Satanists who meet together in discos and private gatherings. The NBI team felt that the Satanists were responsible for the crime simply because they are Satanists. This is secondary deviance. According to Sociologists, secondary deviation is what causes individuals to become hardened criminals. Stigma could also be found in this episode. Satanists in the film were considered deviants even though the leader of the Satanists claimed that they were only misunderstood, He has a valid justification but because the society considered Satan as the king of Evil, his believers were considered evil and deviant. The four functions of Emile Durkheim are also portrayed in the series. In the Season three- episode 12, entitled â€Å"3rd Life.† A teenager was found murdered and her friend went missing and believed to be abducted. The task of the FBI agents was to create a profile of the killer and finds him before he kills the other teen. According to Durkheim, Deviance serves four functions. The first is Affirming Cultural Values and Norms (Thompson, 2012). Murder and abduction that takes place in the episode go against the cultural values of norms of the American society. The murder is also against moral standard of the US society. It is wrong to murder this is the moral standards. Durkheim third function of deviance is promoting social unity. The crime allowed all community members to participate in the hunt for the killer and kidnapper. Everybody is willing to give information regarding the events related to the murder. People do not approve crime. When crime rate is high they group together and pressure the government to do something about the crime. Some participate in solving crimes and cooperate with the government by standing as witness or providing information to help solve the crime. Uniting the community is the third function of deviancy. Community may also group together to stigmatize people  who are considered not following the norms. The people in the TV series agreed that Satanists are bad. Both the policemen and the FBI agents stigmatized the Satanists. The fourth function of deviancy according to Durkheim is it encourages social change. The social change in the TV series as brought about by the crimes is implied. FBI procedure are revised whenever they encounter a very difficult to find criminal. References: Criminal Minds (2014) Per. Mandy Patikin, Thomas Gibson & Lola Glaudini. USA. ABC studios Siegel, L. (2008) Criminology. Theories, Practice and Typologies. NJ: Prentice Hall. Thompson. W. 92012) Society in Focus: an Introduction to Sociology. NY Allyn and Beacon

Issues That Lead to the Recession Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Issues That Lead to the Recession - Term Paper Example â€Å"A significant decline in activity across the economy, lasting longer than a few months. It is visible in industrial production, employment, real income and wholesale-retail trade. The technical indicator of a recession is two consecutive quarters of negative economic growth as measured by a countrys gross domestic product (GDP); although the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) does not necessarily need to see this occur to call a recession.†(Recession†¦.) Recession hurts the government in some of the vital areas that are the supporting pillars of the economy and its impact is unfavorable news for the government budget. Government borrowings rise. Tax revenues dip low due to lower income tax and corporate tax revenues. With the steep rise in the unemployment levels, the government is obliged to extend unemployment benefits to a wider section of the society. Higher borrowing leads to higher taxes and additional interest payments in the future. As shares turn unattractive, the prices begin to dip. Lower profitability and lower dividends create a depressive mood for the investors and they look out for alternative sources of investment. The fall in share prices continues in anticipation of recessionary trends prolonging. But this is only the initial phase. When recession is at its hardest phase, the developments take a strange turn. In anticipation of economic recovery, share prices begin to recover, as the prudent investor calculates that it is the favorable time to invest from the point of view of long term gains. Falling prices of shares may be due to various other factors as well, not alone recession. The normal reaction to recession is that it should result in a lower inflation rate. The highlight of recession is it reduces demand and wage inflation. The issue to be examined is what economic factors impact the recession hard. The current recession is due to rise in oil prices. The expert opinion about this inflation is, it is bound to

Literature course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature course - Essay Example Why are we joking about this? It is taking away from everything we are striving for. Why is it that the media, especially television, still picture women as cooks, cleaners, housekeepers and filling gender-specific roles. This disturbs me no end. I thought all along that we were trying to be a more open-minded society where women are known to be strong, able to occupy powerful positions and at times be even superior to men. (example of irony) We must never underestimate women. Remember Joan of Arc and how she led the French army in the war against the English and winning? Wasn’t it a woman- Cleopatra and not a pharaoh who ruled Egypt successfully for a time until the snake was her undoing? And today, we have women invading areas of human endeavor where men heretofore held sway. Most modern families have mothers who are both housekeepers and breadwinners at the same time. We now have women astronauts, company CEO’s, doctors, professors, etc. In American politics, Nancy Pelosi heads the House of Representatives, Condoleeza Rice is the U.S, roving ambassador and doing a wonderful job of mediating with the leaders of countries all over the world. And Hillary Clinton is running for the Presidency. Is America breeding a race of super-women? In the field of entertainment, both screen and stage, American actresses take the lead. In Religion, there are more nuns than priests; however, we still have to see the fairer sex wearing the Fisherman’s ring. (This is a metaphor wherein there is reference to St. Peter, the first Pope, the first one to wear the Fisherman’s ring.) There are still things which women can do better than the men and other things which only women can do and no man can. God meant for women to conceive, carry babies in their wombs and give birth. Then they create a loving and nurturing environment for the children and teach them proper

Explain why inventory costs and inventory levels have declined Essay

Explain why inventory costs and inventory levels have declined relative to GDP over the last twenty years. Is this beneficial to the economy Why or why not - Essay Example ments have reduced, and in some cases eliminated, inventory carrying costs, in-transit inventory carrying cost and order cost, thus an overall reduction in inventory cost. According to Coyle et al. (2012), inventory is an asset because in measuring gross domestic product, GDP, the value of goods and services an economy produces would be considered. Thus, a reduction in this asset reduces the return on assets, ROA which in essence means a reduction in the GDP. As such, as inventory costs and levels have declined over the past twenty years, so has the GDP. No, this is not beneficial to the economy. As noted by Coyle et al. (2012), GDP is a critical factor of the wellbeing of an economy. This is directly dependent on the level of spending in the economy. With the advancements in technology that has cut on inventory costs and generally on costs in supply chain, the level of spending by logistics organizations, and ultimately on consumers, has decreased. The resultant decrease in GDP has negatively impacted on the

Career Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Career Decision Making - Essay Example It’s within a holistic paradigm that career counseling must work to aid the individual in resolving their personal relationship conflicts to achieve a more holistic lifestyle, as this will allow them to more clearly advance with their career decision making. In these regards, it’s clear that the theoretical approach most relevant to this case study is Hansen’s integrative life planning approach. According to Hansen’s theory, there is a series of four assumptions that must be incorporated into life planning decisions (Niles, & Harris-Bowlsbey, 2008). Hansen states that one of the central tasks individuals must accomplish is, â€Å"weaving our lives into a meaningful whole† (Hansen, as cited in Niles, & Harris-Bowlsbey, pg. 85). In these regards, it’s clear that Hansen’s integrative life planning approach considers not simply one’s direct choice in deciding on one career over another but also posits that any substantial life decis ion must be made in terms of the holistic effect it has on all aspects of the individual’s life. Hansen also indicates that an individual must consider their career goals in terms of life purpose and spirituality. When examining Douglas’ decision-making dilemma it’s clear that social aspects have hindered his ability to progress with his career decisions. In examining Douglas’ dilemma it seems clear that in deciding on one career choice will have a tremendous effect on another aspect of his life, namely the relationship with his parents. I think a highly relevant and notable point of discussion was when the counselor framed the career discussion in terms of the client’s siblings. While it’s clear that the client had been strongly influenced by his parents’ work ethic, working a series of jobs and seemingly having a very career-centric life, the emphasis on her siblings’ decisions contributes greatly to decisions that he might make in terms of career advancement, or purpose and meaning.

Listening skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Listening skills - Essay Example The two most difficult areas where I was not able to focus on core issues were classroom lectures and my interaction with my peer group in the college. So I had tried applying three techniques: asking questions; focusing on content; and using the gap between the speech of lecturer and rate of my thoughts. The surrounding chosen were classroom where participants are students and lecturer at a daytime lecture. The other place chosen was the cafeteria where I normally interact with my peer group during class breaks. The classroom lecture by XX was specially chosen because he teaches social science but has irritating habit of lapsing into silence and using lot of hand gestures. I get distracted when my chain of thoughts and focus is broken by silence and I often find myself going off track. Moreover the excessive hand gestures tend to be funny and sometimes downright confusing which make me forget everything! So learning becomes difficult, resulting in low grade. Cafeteria is another area where it is most convenient to interact with peer and seniors to get important tips and gain tacit knowledge from their experience. I have always had problems in focusing on people and content as I easily get distracted by minor inconsequential acts in the surrounding. As such, cafeteria was hugely distracting because of the crowd, noise and tempting smell of food. But it was also the only place where it is easy to interact with seniors and other peer group. So communicating effectively during afternoon tea with seniors was really challenging. Asking questions in the classroom was very successful because it helped me to be alert and use questions to clear doubts and concepts. I also found that this technique helped me to get attentions of not only the lecturer but also other students where my image as student considerably improves and gave me impetus to become more conscientious student.

Three challenges you face while completing graduate study and three Research Paper

Three challenges you face while completing graduate study and three strategies you use to address the challenges - Research Paper Example The reasons personal motivation has become such a challenge are clear. I have been going to school for so long, I am simply getting tired of it. I have delayed personal satisfaction for so long to pursue my education that I feel I am facing the limits of my endurance. In short, I have been investing too much for too long without any significant return. The effects of this personal motivational challenge are depressing. It takes extra effort to get going toward daily tasks such as attending class or completing homework or studying for tests. What happens is that the quality of my work suffers, and in the end, I do not feel like I have satisfactorily internalized the material to be mastered. It sort of makes the entire process of advanced study self-defeating. As debilitating as this personal motivational challenge is, my method of address must be just as crucial. I draw upon my experience as a psychology researcher to address this problem. What seems to be happening is that I am getting burned out because I am not enjoying my own life enough. To address this imbalance, I should be more deliberate about how I enjoy my leisure and recreation time. I should set aside certain times of certain days just for specific leisure time and recreational activities. My hope is that this practice will be a source of more effective self-renewal that I may c completes my goals both more comfortably and more effectively. This brings us to my next challenge, time management. The reasons for time management difficulties are mainly my job duties and procrastination. These problems may be directly related to the sources of my self-motivational problems as described above. The effects of my time management difficulties are stress and lack of quality free time. At this point, I see that all of these challenges are entwined with one another to some degree. It represents a heuristic for a unified system of procedural protocols to manage myself as human resources as well as address my needs as a human being. My method of address for challenges in time management is periodic re-organization. When I am not working optimally, I must take a step back, re-evaluate trends in my performance, and re-organize tasks in time to achieve more productive ends. This process of self-assessment and self-adjustment helps me keep work from piling up. To do it more consistently is to take total command of my time and productivity. Financial challenges for students in general are common, but for graduate students, they are even more so. Reasons for these financial challenges are due to student loans and lack of external financial support. The effects of these financial challenges are difficulty focusing on tasks because of monetary worries and a limit on ones physical quality of life. My method of address is an easier said than done but has potential long range solidity. What I have opted to do is to build an information consulting business. It is directly related to my education for the most part, and it promises a prosperous future as the business grows. Nevertheless, it actually constitutes another major challenge in a student's life already full of challenges. The challenges I face while completing my graduate study are about personal motivation, time management and financial costs. As such, I have developed certain strategies to address these challenges. Most people will

Financial Educational Board Games (Toys and Game Industry) Research Paper

Financial Educational Board Games (Toys and Game Industry) - Research Paper Example 5,856.20M El Segundo,  CA Namco Bandai Holdings Inc. 4,083.77M Tokyo,  Japan Hasbro, Inc. 4,002.16M Pawtucket,  RI LEGO System A/S 2,272.69M Billund,  Ribe (hoovers.com, 2011) Consumers spent 25.1 billion on video games, hardware and accessories in 2010 (Entertainment Software Association, 2011). The best-selling Computer Games are Family and Children’s Games (19.8%), Shooter games (14.4%), Role-Playing games (12.4%). The Best-selling Video Games Genres are Action (30.1%), Sports (11.3), Racing (11.1%), Children and Family Entertainment (9.3%), Shooter 8.7%), Role-Playing (7.8%) (Entertainment Software Association, 2011). The US board games and puzzle market, alone, is estimated to be worth about $400 million, and ?50 million per year in the UK (Maclean, 2009). The toy and game industry in Australia has a revenue of two billion, and annual growth of 3.6% (2006-2011) (ibisworld.com, 2011). Industry Trends â€Å"Going Green† is a current trend in the industry. It involves three aspects. They are: sustainable materials, resource-saving packaging, and content that communicates sustainable action and values through play (nurembergtoyfair.com, 2011). Another industry trend is moving games from the digital realm to physical board game space. A recent example is Mattel’s â€Å"Angry Birds.† Keeping a foot in both digital and physical realms makes good business sense, in the face of increasing competition (Douban, 2011). One of the most potentially profitable trends is the transition to selling products inside virtual worlds. For example, you might go to a virtual pizza shop, in avatar form, and a pizza icon might pop up, enabling the user to order a real pizza, without leaving the virtual environment (boardofinnovation.com, 2009). The diversity of virtual worlds means a huge, untapped potential for a diversity of products. Other trends include pro-social and e-connected, cooperative games; games that can be constructed and reconstruc ted, allowing for continually new play experiences; games that involve action and sensori-motor experience or emphasize speed (a trend reflecting child obesity as a health concern); games that are designed for creative learning (toyassociation.org, 2011). Game Industry Growth and Decline An indicator of demand for toys is the manufacturers' shipments of miscellaneous durable goods, which rose 7.2 percent in the first six months of 2011 compared to the first six months in 2010 (hoovers.com, 2011). Furthermore, toy sales the world over, in 2010, increased 5% over 2009, to $83.3 billion, especially reflecting strong performance in Asia (npd.com, 2011). Fifty percent of global toy sales are accounted for by the top revenue countries: USA, Japan, China, UK, and France. Emerging markets with strong growth are Brazil, Russia, India (npd.com, 2011). The Online Game portion of the industry is growing. Table 2. Annual online game revenue in billions of U.S. dollars from 2006–2011 (Rive llo, 2011) Americans spent more than $3 billion in video game subscription fees last year. A new report by market research firm Pike & Fischer estimates that Americans will spend $5 billion annually by 2015 (boardofinnovation.com, 2009). Board games went through a slump when they had to compete with video and computer games, but now they are making a big comeback, due to the economic crisis (Thai, 2009).

Environmental Ethical Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental Ethical Issues - Essay Example â€Å"Environmental ethics is a new sub-discipline of philosophy that deals with the ethical problems surrounding environmental protection.† (Yang, 2006). Environmental ethics calls for attempts on the part of humans to ensure the provision of safe and healthy environment not only for their own generations but also for all the animals and plants on Earth. Environmental issues have not been adequately addressed in the past, given the lack of general awareness and a curiosity to achieve more. We have largely relied on fossil fuels as the fundamental source of energy to fulfill our domestic and industrial needs and have unintentionally caused irreparable damage to the environment through the emission of toxic gases into the air as a result of burning of the fossil fuels causing phenomenon like global warming. Birth of events like Earth Day in 1971 served to increase general awareness about global environmental pollution in masses all over the world which overtly expressed their concerns on the issue and their concerns were addressed in the form of first United Nations Environmental Conference which took place in Stockholm the following year. (Yang, 2006). This conference paved way for further measures that included but were not limited to the development of laws to ensure environmental safety on both national and international level in the years to follow. People began to realize the importance of environmental ethics particularly when philosophers published papers to address this issue. Three papers namely â€Å"Is there a need for a new, an environmental ethic?, Animal liberation and The shallow and the deep, long-range ecology movement† were published by â€Å"Richard Routley, Peter Singer and Arne Naess† respectively in 1973. These authors belonged to different countries and cultural backgrounds and their joint concern over the matter depicted the whole world’s curiosity to

World Religion Essay Example for Free

World Religion Essay Confucianism and Daoism are two of the most influential schools of thought in ancient China. Both are not only ways of thinking, but ways of life. They are not religions: they have no teaching of worship of gods, or the afterlife; each philosophy focuses on the individual and their behavior. Confucianism and Daoism are often considered polar opposites for several reasons, although they have a few similarities. Confucianism has a core of morality, ethics, and activism. It encourages social harmony and mutual respect. Confucianists sought to perfect their character by living a virtuous life and seeking goodness. They valued ethics, respect for elders, and propriety. Confucius, the originator of Confucian thought, believed political order would be found by the proper ordering of human relationships, and so did not bother himself with the structure of the state. He stressed that a good government must fill their positions with well-educated and conscientious people, called Junzi. Confucius was followed by his disciples Mencius and Xunzi. They also possessed the same optimism that humans could improve themselves to perfection. Daoism has a core of self-reflection and oneness with the cosmos. They refused to meddle with problems that they thought defied solution, and were the prominent critics of Confucian activism. They devoted their energy to introspection, in hopes that they could better understand the natural principles of the world. The central concept of Daoism is Dao, roughly meaning “the way of nature”. The exact definition of Dao is unclear; it is portrayed as an unchanging, passive force that “does” without “doing”. Daoists try to follow Dao through Wuwei complete disengagement from competition and activism, and instead living in harmony with nature. This philosophy discouraged the presence of any government or empires, just small self-sufficient communities. There are a few similarities between Confucianism and Daoism. They were both created as a solution for the chaos that emerged from the fall of the Zhou Dynasty, although it was the arrival of Legalism that created unification in China. They both focus on self-improvement: Confucianism in the form of  relations with others, and Daoism in the form of relations with oneself and nature. Confucianism and Daoism clearly have strong contrasts, but many people believe that for a person to be whole, they should incorporate elements from each. References: Taoism and confucianism — ancient philosophies. (2012). Retrieved from http://www.ushistory.org/civ/9e.asp (Taoism and confucianism, 2012). Kapaj, L. (10 A). Via historia. Retrieved from http://puppy.viahistoria.com/classwork/taoismonconfucianism.html (Kapaj, 10 A). Huzhang. (2000). Discussion of confucianism. Retrieved from http://www.pureinsight.org/node/1048 (Huzhang, 2000).

Irish Troubles Political Cartoons: An Analysis

Irish Troubles Political Cartoons: An Analysis The political cartoons about the Irish troubles drawn by a number of prominent cartoonists in the early 1970s differed sharply from the cartoons produced by artists during the peace process in the 1990s. Arguably this could be down to a number of factors. Firstly, cartoonists in the 1970s were much more likely to attack specific groups of people – the Irish themselves have been targets of British supremacist derision for several hundred years, and have been depicted in a derogatory light in cartoons since cartoons were first printed. Second, the situation was considerably more grave in the 1970s than it was in the 1990s – although the IRA were still established and effective in the 1990s, the 1970s saw the most bloodshed, and therefore, it must have been very difficult to perceive what was a complex and (to some) ridiculous situation in Ireland without knocking the Irish for propagating and sustaining this idea of religious sectarianism. The complex political situation in Ireland that had arisen as a result of four hundred years of religious complexity between the dominant British Protestant landowners, who held the political reins, and the oppressed Irish Catholics, ultimately had a great impact on the British interpretation of the Irish throughout the generations, and also upon the representation of the English in Irish journalistic literature and art. Thus, a particular view of the Irish came to be represented in the British media, which tended to emerge whenever there were specific troubles within Ireland or else among the Irish in Britain. These stereotypes, especially of the Irish, can be said to be at their most potent during the time of the political troubles in Ireland. The resultant swathe of political cartoons that were printed on a regular basis in the daily newspapers in both Ireland and Britain, particularly during the political unrest and violence of the early 1970s, tended to push the Irish into a subcategory of their own, denied of their identity as autonomous individuals, subjected and represented by a more dominant political force, namely, the English. The history of the cartoon in respect of this tradition of Irish caricaturing is interesting, as it reveals a rich history of treating the Irishman as a figure of derision and ridicule – however, it is more interesting to note that this figure changed throughout the years and, especially with the increase of militancy among the grass-roots of Irish working class communities, saw the emergence of the cartoon depiction of the Irishman as a simian, bestial, uncivilised caricature, often wielding knifes and other implements, and driven by a fervid passion to kill, much like zombies from a horror film. The history of political cartoons goes back to the eighteenth century. However, technological developments in photography changed the nature of cartoons at the turn of the century, in many ways shaping the type of cartoon we see in newspapers nowadays: Fitzgerald, in Art and Politics (1973) argues that: â€Å"[The photograph] simply replicated the surface structure of life; it did not normally give it a depth of interpretation or meaning.† Thus, the photograph didnt entirely remove the need for the political cartoon, and in a sense, established the medium of the cartoon as a more biting representation of political and social malaises: â€Å"The political cartoon on the other hand sought to disrupt daily life, to make jokes and stage whispers and asides at the process if everyday life. [] The political cartoon was by its nature more subversive [than the photograph].† So, the nature of the political cartoon is to satirize and to comment upon, using visual imagery and caricature, the complexities of the cartoonists imagination / ideological persuasions. The effect of satirising political situations, and the placing of topical events into the medium of the cartoon, at least according to the cartoonists themselves, is largely arbitrary in its effect on the population: â€Å"Measuring the extent of the cartoonists influence on public opinion is a much more difficult, if not impossible task. [] Many cartoonists are [] dubious about its power.† Conversely, however, governments have always stepped in to control the production and the distribution of subversive cartoons. This suggests that they do possess a certain amount of impact when discussing or lampooning political leaders and people of significance: â€Å"French caricaturists of the 1830s who dared mock King Louis Philippe were fined and imprisoned; New York cartoonists criticisms of municipal corruption prompted government officials to attempt to pass an anti-cartoon law in 1897; and even in the modern era, when political cartoonists are prizes rather than prison sentences, satirists in totalitarian states have suffered harsh censure.† Indeed, some of the more subversive work of cartoonists have frequently stirred up controversy, especially concerning the representation of the Irish in British cartoons. In â€Å"The Irish†, by cartoonist for the Evening Standard, JAK, the representation of the Irish caused controversy that, with Ken Livingstones recent â€Å"Nazi† comments about the Evening Standard, continues to plague the political scene today: â€Å"none can excuse the fact that [The Irish] represents one of the most appalling examples of anti-Irish cartoon racism since the Victorian era. [] As a result of complaints made by many people in Britain, the Greater London Council, under its leader Ken Livingstone, withdrew its advertising from the Standard and demanded a full apology, which was refused.† The cartoon itself equates the Irish with death and barbarism, with the words: â€Å"The Ultimate in Psychopathic Horror: The Irish†. Although angered by the IRA bombings and the killing of innocents, this inability to describe the political complexities of the Irish, reducing them instead to a monstrous racial stereotype, not altogether unique in the cartoons of the time, tends to simplify, and thus promote Irish resentment during the period. However, in the second period I will be discussing in this piece, namely the late 1990s, the cartoons drawn by people like Martyn Turner during the peace process of the John Major and Tony Blair governments differ wildly from this tendency to demonise and / or denigrate the entire nation of Ireland – instead the cartoonists eye is drawn to subversive representations of the bureaucracy and the players within that complex and impenetrable political chess game that the Irish peace process became in the eyes of the public. The cartoons drawn, generally, seem less provoked by Irish or British resentment, and more represent a more benign form of political satire, that being the politics of government rather than the (sometimes militaristic) persuasions of the Irish population. The crude and hurtful Irish stereotype as barbaric, brutish and stupid are discarded – instead, the governmental players are the main focus for the satirists eye. There was a period in the early 1970s when an impending civil war in Ireland seemed inevitable, with clashes between British paramilitary and Loyalist groups in a state of near-war. â€Å"A number of paramilitary organisations were formed in Protestant working-class areas to counter-balance the activities of the Provisionals and carry out attacks on Catholic areas. As the IRA increased its campaign of shootings and bombings, 1972 became the most violent year of the Troubles with 467 deaths in Northern Ireland, 321 of which were civilian casualties.† The work of the cartoonists of the period assumed a similarly grave and polemical nature, as often the caricaturists and the cartoonists of the period would be divided between Catholic / Protestant, as well as down British / Irish lines. The problems with British intervention as â€Å"peacekeepers† culminated in the â€Å"Bloody Sunday† massacre of 30 January 1972, where British troops opened fire on unarmed catholic protesters: â€Å"It was in January 1972 that the British Army shot and killed thirteen civilians in Derry, writing another disaster into Anglo-Irish history. Bloody Sunday, as it was called, was commemorated twenty years later in 1992 with bitterness and anger.† The representation of the British paramilitary presence in Ireland divided cartoonists, and the culmination of the supposed folly of British intervention in Northern Ireland reached boiling point with Bloody Sunday. Thus, politics and ideology in 1970s reached such a stage that generalisation and ignorance about the Irish situation abounded, signalling a return to the grotesque caricaturing seen in Punch in Victorian times. The political complexities, difficult as they were to sum up in a simple argument, were thus heavily simplified by a number of British cartoonists, and this gross simplification often led to the demonisation of the Irish as a whole. This is demonstrated by both the cartoons of Cummings and in the highly controversial cartoon, â€Å"The Irish†, printed in the Evening Standard, in which all Irish citizens are tarred with the same brush. Again this differs greatly from the work of Martyn Turner, who I will focus on in greater depth; his cartoons are steeped in the complexities of the Irish situation, the bureaucratic and political turmoil of the Irish peace process in the 1990s, and its eventual resolution in a ceasefire. Thus, the body of Martyn Turners work in a sense tells us how the political cartoon, especially the market for this particular brand of political cartoon has changed from representing the opinion of the ignorant masses, to enlightening and stimulating an informed few. Martyn Turner strays away from the traditions of social stereotyping, choosing instead to focus on the political bureaucracy and its many players. His cartoons are effective on a number of distinct levels, and his work is predominantly concerned with satirizing political institutions and their players, rather than making sweeping and hurtful gestures about a whole group of people. Especially from the overtly racist work of the 1970s, we see a resurgence of the Irishman as a simian stereotype, who is either drawn to carnage and violence, or else is too stupid to conduct his own affairs with any degree of control. In Cummings work of the early 1970s, we see the Irish represented as racial stereotypes. In this dissertation, I will look firstly at the development of this stereotype, how it developed from an idealised representation of Ireland in the 18th century, to the myth of stupid, impulsive, apelike creatures in publications such as Punch in the mid-nineteenth century. From this I will then turn to representations of the Irish (and of the British involvement in Ireland) in the 1970s, looking especially at pieces of work that explicitly and blatantly attack Irish culture, using a stereotype that is both broadly racist, the only effect of which is to emphasise the lack of understanding and the bigotry in which a great swathe of British citizenry lived. History of Stereotypes in Cartoons James Gillray (1757-1815) is widely reputed as being the first great British cartoonist. In his work, the notion of the Irish as simian tends to prevail, and they, along with the French, are seen as barbaric, stupid, tokens of â€Å"otherness† that one tends to associate with any representation of a minority and / or, a barbaric outsider. In â€Å"United Irishmen upon Duty†, printed on 12 June 1798, Gillray attacks the dissident Irishmen: â€Å"It depicts the rebel United Irishmen as mere agents of destruction and pillage, without political or moral principles. [] The cartoon is one of several in which Gillray simianises the belligerent Irish.† Thus, the reduction of the Irish to bestial stereotypes has a long history, that frequently makes a return whenever there is a reason for projecting hatred or condescension onto the Irish nation. In â€Å"Paddy on Horseback†, Gillray encapsulates the view of the Irish as stupid. In the picture, the Irishman has unkempt hair and a protruding jaw, however, he still possesses human, rather than simian features: OConnor suggests that: â€Å"The early cartoons from the 18th century are openly racist, portraying the Irish as ignorant peasants barefoot, ragged and thick.† Indeed, the image of the Irishman as a figure to poke fun at, and to label as the typical â€Å"fool† of caricature continues in a rich vein in British cartoons dating from this period. Slightly later, George Cruikshank uses the Irish to poke fun at. In â€Å"The Two Irish Labourers†, which features two Irishmen climbing a ladder and getting mixed up, â€Å"George Cruikshank [] illustrates the antiquity of the English view of the Irish as objects of laughter and derision.† This cartoon isnt political in its persuasion, but merely points out that, traditionally, and as the millions of jokes and put-downs featuring Irishmen in the punchline, the Irish could be used effectively to represent a typical stupid or ignorant person, who gets things mixed up or wrong. Thus, the re-emergence of these traditional Irish representations in the 1970s, when contextualised in a rich history of Irish racism, isnt particularly surprising. Punch magazine, published in the 1840s, became widely famous for its derogatory representation of the Irish as silly, warmongering, and ignorant, and signalled another re-emergence of this historical Irish stereotype, this time, and thanks to the scientific identification of racial stereotypes, the Irishman became more linked to representations of the Negro in mass art than to the civilised, aristocratic Brit. Thus, in Harpers weekly in 1898, the Negro, with protruding jaw, upturned nose and large eyes, according to this very subjective illustration, actually equates the perception of the Irishman with the perception of the Negro. By contrast, the profile of an â€Å"Anglo-Teutonic† appears in the centre, and, with long nose, strong jawline and fairer hair, appears less simian in appearance. This representation of the Irishman as a Negro, who is frequently seen as being untrustworthy, rapacious and animalistic in persuasion, is resurrected by a number of cartoonists in the 1970s as an ideal way of explaining, or at least glossing over the complex nature of the Irish situation. In â€Å"What was so marvellous† by Cummings, he represents the current political situation in Ireland as a n exercise in British colonialism. Edward Heath and, then Home Secretary Reginald Maudling sit at a desk with a soldier on top of a map of Ireland. In the background, a soldier is seen walking through India, Cyprus, Kenya and Malaya. The caption underneath reads: â€Å"What was so marvellous about the rest of the British Commonwealth was that we could always leave it.† The superiority with which Cummings regards Britain in relation to Ireland is striking, insofar as it essentially depicts Ireland as a dispossessed, colonized country, and glosses over the significant problems that the presence of British troops in Ireland actually caused. Of course, this view has some historical significance. The governing elite in Ireland following the invasion in 1690 laid the foundations for a Protestant Ireland for nearly two centuries, and those in charge of Irish affairs were essentially protestants descended from English colonialists, using parliament to enact stifling and repressive legislation against the catholics, which culminated in removing the right for catholics to own land. This of course led up to the potato famine, which killed millions. Thus, the colonialist implications of Cummings cartoon flippantly portrays a reality in a fairly hurtful and bitter way. In Apes and Angels, an overview of how the caricature developed in British cartooning, Curtis Jr. suggests that: â€Å"During the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century the stereotypical Paddy or Teague of English cartoon and caricature underwent a significant change. In sharp contrast to the regular, even handsome features of the wild Irishman or woodkern of the Elizabethan and early Stuart period, such as may be found in abundance in John Derrickes The Image of Irelande, with a discoverie of Woodkarne, first published in 1581, and different too, from the brutish, slovenly faces of Irish peasants appearing in prints dating from the reign of George III, the dominant Victorian stereotype of Paddy looked far more like an ape than a man.† This reduction of the Irishman to animal is one that begins to return sporadically when the political situation gets grave once again in the 1970s. In these cartoons, often the complexity of the political situation is whitewashed, or else no attempt whatsoever is made to describe the Irish problem in terms of satire or a representation of different sectors of Irish society: conveniently, the Irish are placed into one single melting-pot, with no distinction or difference made between Catholicism, Protestantism, or of any of the different groups or classes that were at play in the turmoil that led up to bloody Sunday. Curtis Jr. suggests that the sudden stereotyping of the Irish may have been as a result of politics of a different type – namely, immigration: â€Å"There was nothing specifically Irish about a projecting lower jaw until the 1840s, when thousands of Irish immigrants were pouring into England and Scotland, most of them destitute and many of them diseased.† So, much like modern views and prejudices surrounding asylum seekers, as well as Jews in the 1930s, the right-wing presses also found their target in Victorian times, namely, the Irish. This introduction of class into the issue adds another level of complexity to the issue. Often, the fighting Irishmen are seen crammed together into terrace houses, itself a sign of working-class life and a form of living regarded by the more middle-class newspapers as being inherently intolerable, just as their barbarity was regarded as stupid, brash and ignorant in Victorian issues of Punch. Thus, Curtis Jr., says that â€Å"The antecedents of this stereotype were just as widespread as the conviction in England and Scotland that the Irish were inherently inferior and quite unfit t o manage their own affairs.† Indeed, the superimposition of ideas onto the Irish is in itself exacerbated by the caricaturing of the entirity of the Irish race, essentially robbing them of the individuality of their own voices and subsequently their own autonomy. Punch magazine spearheaded a movement to caricature and derogate the Irish in cartoons: â€Å"it soon became clear that Irishmen, in particular the more politicized among then, were the favourite target of both writers and cartoonists. Marion H. Spielmann, the chronicler of Punch, wrote that the comic weekly acquired a reputation for being anti-Irish during and after the 1850s.† An example of this anti-Irish sentiment can be found in John Leechs â€Å"Young Ireland in Business for Himself† (August 22, 1846), in which a grotesque monster sells blunderbusss next to the sign â€Å"pretty little pistols for pretty little children.† Thus, we are given the preconception that the Irish are violent, stupid and ugly. In John Tenniels â€Å"The Irish Frankenstein†, a sophisticated, British man tries to stave off a giant beast holding a bloodied knife. Thus, the bestial, simian qualities of the caricature emerge. This is especially pointed when the Irishman begins to demand autonomy: â€Å"When Irishman turned to political agitation and began to demand an end to British rule, then Punch changed his tune, and, according to Spielmann, the artists began to picture the Irish political outrage-mongering peasant as a cross between a garrotter and a gorilla.† Thus, perhaps the simionisation of the Irish stereotype is more as a result of the politicisation of the Irish working-class, which presumably the British cartoonist, especially one working for Punch, a deeply conservative publication, would feel threatened by. Thus, we have to also consider notions of class, as well as racial stereotyping: â€Å"The only Celt to be flattered and admired by Punchs cartoonists was Hibernia, the intensely feminine symbol of Ireland, whose haunting beauty conveyed some of the sufferings of the Irish people. In The Fenian-Pest, published in Punch on March 3, 1866, Hibernia turns to her sister, Brittania as a grotesque, derogatory rendition of an Irishman peers at her with animalistic desire. Wallach suggests that: â€Å"Tenniel, depicts the rebellious Irishmen, those troublesome people, as ape-like and unkempt. The main Irish character glares menacingly at Britannia, with his mouth agape and a sword-like weapon partially concealed under his coat. Behind him are other Fenians, chaotically amassed and presumably anxious to make trouble. Here the stereotype of Irishmen as violent, simian and disorganized reveals itself.† Indeed it is interesting the Hibernia, the only character that is celebrated in Punch, or at least not attacked on grounds of racial profiling, is one that is divorced from the traditionally masculine realm of political persuasion. In this particular cartoon, she is seen in the pose of desperately running from the Irish monster, and this traditional of derogation of the Irishman, especially the politicised Irishman, continues throughout history, making a controversial reappearance during the political conflicts of the 1970s. Cummings, who drew cartoons in the 1970s for the Daily Express, uses similar prejudices to generate humour in a situation regarded by the British as increasingly confused. In â€Å"Were pagan missionaries†, Cummings depicts a group of pagans, coming over the sea and saving the Irish from their imminent self-destruction. The caption at the bottom reads: â€Å"Were Pagan missionaries come to try and make peace among the bloodthirsty Christians.† The Irishmen are shown crammed together, on the opposite sides of a terrace block, and details include a lop-sided dustbin, and a sign in the middle of the street, reading: â€Å"Cage: To keep the wild animals apart.† Again we return to the generally held perception of Irishmen as a race of sub-human animals: â€Å"The Cummings cartoon reflects this British incomprehension in its depiction of primitive tribesmen arriving to reconcile the barbarous Irish, who seem intent on tearing each other apart. The racist implication is that black, presumably African, tribesmen are more civilised than the Christian Northern Irish, who have now slipped below even primitive pagans in their innate barbarity.† Thus, Cummings seems to extract his political humour mainly from the use of stereotype and conceptions of otherness. The British army is seen ironically as a pagan tribe, which obviously alludes to the primitive tribes that the Britishers colonised in the past. Therefore, the Irish are depicted as being even more primitive than this. Cummings cartoon ideas are steeped in the long tradition of pompous anti-Irish cartoons and jokes. â€Å"The cartoon [] reinforces stereotypical notions of the Irish as violent and blacks as primitive, and makes no attempt to convey any understanding of the underlying causes of conflict other than religious bigotry.† This is a reflection of a commonly held view about the political situation in Ireland. It seemed baffling to some of the British that two essentially Christian religions should be fighting, and the cartoons by Cummings highlights this innate superiority that the British has by portraying itself as heroes in trying to resolve the Irish conflict. Similarly, Cummings sides again with the British army in â€Å"How Marvellous it would be†, printed in the Daily Express, on 12 August 1970. Cummings naively treats the British influence in Ireland as completely benign. A beaten up solider stands between two monsters, one of which is wearing a t-shirt called â€Å"Ulster Catholics†, the other called â€Å"Ulster Protestants†. They run for each other, as the soldier, more diminutive in presence and, in case we didnt know his nationality, sports a Union Jack on his forehead. Over his head towers a plethora of miscellany – socks, broken bottles and rocks again, the two warring factions are apelike, bestial and violent in nature. The caption underneath reads â€Å"How marvellous it would be if they DID knock each other insensible!†. Thus, the patronising and condescending nature of the cartoon asserts itself more. â€Å"The implication underlying both cartoons is that the irrational nature of the Irish question can only be explained through some form of racial madness.† Indeed, the racial implications, coupled with the inability, or reluctance to try and articulate and represent the complexities of the Irish situation in an easily digestible format, assists in depriving Ireland of a voice – of seeing Ireland and the Irish as a colonised island, once more exacerbating catholic (and protestant – the shifting of parliament to Westminster had the effect of causing offence to both Unionists and building support in working class catholic areas for the I.R.A.) tensions; furthermore adding support to the notion that Britain was indeed an occupying force in Ireland, and that the only means from which the British could be removed from Ireland was through paramilitary force. Cummings later said that the IRAs violence â€Å"make them look like apes – though thats rather hard luck on the apes.† Of course, Cummings views on the IRA, their uses of violence and barbarism would never be particularly popular, but Cummings doesnt even try to consider their opinions, and lowers himself instead to racial stereotyping and bigotry. The cartoon by Cummings is rendered especially naà ¯ve by the events of Bloody Sunday. Of course, this stereotype has been resurrected many times since the 18th century, but, during Victorian times something in particular happened to the representation of the Irishman. According to Douglas, R., et al.: â€Å"The equation between militant Irish nationalism and a savage bestial nature achieved its apogee [] in the Punch cartoons of the Victorian era.† And this bestial nature was resurrected whenever war or conflict required an easily categorised and common enemy. Certainly the most politically controversial cartoon drawn during the Anglo-Irish conflict was â€Å"The Irish† by JAK, for the Evening Standard on 29 October 1982. In it, a bystander is seen looking at an enormous billboard poster. It says: â€Å"Emerald Isle snuff movies present the ultimate in psychopathic horror†, then in enormous letters underneath, â€Å"The Irish†. The image seems designed to both shock and to reinforce the traditional stereotype of the Irish as bestial and bloodthirsty. A horde of Irish stereotypes, bloated and bestial, wielding daggers, drills, dynamite, saws and other crude forms of weaponry all fight in a orgiastic frenzy over a hill of graves. The caption underneath on the poster says: â€Å"Featuring the I.R.A., I.N.L.A., U.D.F., P.F.F., U.D.A., etc. etc.†. Thus, every political group of every political persuasion is placed under the same violent and caricatured image of Irish barbarity. It is apparent that the cartoon would be controversial. â€Å"The Irish, featuring a cast of degenerate nationalist and loyalist paramilitaries, whose initials appear at the bottom of the poster. Not only is there no attempt to explain Irish political complexities or distinguish between different paramilitary groups, the cartoonist irresponsibly homogenises the Irish as a race of psychopathic monsters who delight in violence and bloodshed.† The political reaction to this cartoon had far-reaching implications, and the Evening Standard had advertising money cut from London Council, then headed by Ken Livingstone, if a full apology wasnt issued, which wasnt. It is apparent that the power of the cartoon to shock and to provoke resonates profoundly through political circles, certainly as regards the more overtly racist images of Irish paramilitary groups, that depict an Irish nation that is both stupid, confused, poor and drawn genetically to acts of barbarity and violence. â€Å"One notable feature of some British cartoons about the troubles is their tendency to resurrect the simian stereotype to present a view of republican and loyalist paramilitaries as sub-human psychopaths, a feature which merely served to perpetuate British ignorance and misunderstanding of the complex nature of the conflict.† Indeed, ignorance of the complexities of the political situation in Ireland, indeed, an absolute denial of the British influence and the disruption in Ireland, led to strengthening the anti-Irish fervour, and many cartoonists that used this idea for a cheap joke, may have done unnecessary harm to the establishment of peace among Loyalists, and the Irish in general already racked with anti-British tension. Although the cartoon cannot be justified entirely, it can certainly be contextualised by the political situation at the time the cartoon appeared: â€Å"[The Irish] appeared at a time when paramilitary violence showed no sign of abating and when Anglo-Irish relations were still strained as a result of the southern governments neutral attitude towards Britain during the Falklands war. In July, two IRA bombs in London had killed eight people and injured over fifty others.† Indeed, it is interesting that, when political and social situations are most strained, the simian stereotype re-emerges in cartoons. Overall, the simianisation of the Irish in cartoons has had a long historical legacy that dates back as far as the history of the political cartoon itself. In a situation of conflict, especially considering the supposed lack of knowledge surrounding the Irish situation in the 1970s, many of the cartoons represent this tendency towards returning to the historical stereotype of the Irish as bestial, monstrous sub-human, whose thirst for blood remains intrinsically linked to the racial characteristics of the people. The representation of the British presence in Ireland, especially with the work of Cummings, and JAK, is seen in turns as a fruitless endeavour designed to bring peace to a nation that stubbornly clings to the historical notion of religious difference, or else are innately drawn to barbarity. Although these were not the only cartoons represented at the time, and there were some more sympathetic representations of the Irish situation, that tried to explain in pictures and simple captions the complexity of a political situation in Ireland, this return to the overtly, explicitly racist was definitely a theme in the 1970s cartoons, and served either to reflect the general confusion prevalent at the time concerning the troubles in Ireland, or else exacerbated this confounded hostility towards the Irish in general that certain sections of the British population must have felt. Political Representations of the 1970s Crisis in Ireland The Irish representations of the conflict differ insofar as they offer the viewer of the cartoon a more balanced, albeit anti-British view of the political conflict during the crisis. Gerald Scarfe provides a more sensitive body of work than what was usual in the British press during the time of the political troubles in Ireland. In â€Å"Untitled†, printed in the Sunday Times on 14 March 1971, blood runs into a lake from three graves on a hill, there to represent the deaths of three soldiers, two of which were lured into a pub and killed by the provisional I.R.A., the militant arm of the I.R.A. A crack in the dam pours blood onto a peaceful community, and provides another perspective on the Irish troubles in the 1970s that go beyond that of stereotype, confusion and resentment, instead providing a sympathetic and tender view of the events. Indeed, the representation of the political struggles at the time, in cartoons could be both chillingly regressive, and inspired – of course, the Irish conflict polarised opinion, insofar as the lines could be drawn down difference between the British and the Irish, or else Protestant and Catholic fronts. This tendency to promote one particular view of the events highlights the struggle that cartoonists must have found when trying to find humour beyond the resentment and the anger at both the violence, which some people, especially in Britain, saw as unnecessary, and a particularly

Sacrament Of Reconciliation

Sacrament Of Reconciliation So lets define the difference between apology, forgiveness and reconciliation. The following definition is from the Webster Dictionary. Apology is a formal justification, defense, excuse; an admission of error accompanied by an expression of regret. It implies an attempt to avoid or remove blame or censure. Steve Cornell posted on the web a really great insight into the difference between forgiveness and reconciliation. Here he summarizes a key distinction: Its possible to forgive someone without offering immediate reconciliation. Its possible for forgiveness to occur in the context of ones relationship with God apart from contact with his/her offender. But reconciliation is focused on restoring broken relationships. And where trust is deeply broken, restoration is a process-sometimes, a lengthy one. So why the importance of distinguishing the difference? Steve continues to explain why recognizing the difference is important: The process of reconciliation depends on the attitude of the offender, the depth of the betrayal, and the pattern of offense. When an offended party works toward reconciliation, the first and most important step is the confirmation of genuine repentance on the part of the offender (Luke 17:3). So another word that can be used for reconciliation is Transformation. So when we sin we separate ourselves from Gods love or put a barrier between God and ourselves. We have deliberately, by our own free will, performed an act of disobedience against God. We can apologize to God, but it does not hold the person accountable to change or transformation of oneself. But if we ask for forgiveness resulting in reconciliation, we then are asked by God for a commitment to change in which a transformation takes place of ones lifestyle. The sacrament of reconciliation can also be used as a sacrament of healing. A healing of not only our spiritual self but also our emotional and psychological being. Sin leaves ugly scars on a person. These scars can be emotional and psychological which can have physical effects. A person can go to a physician and be healed from the physical aspect but if the scars go deeper into the spiritual being of a person then one is not completely healed. A good example are women who have had an abortion. No term can adequately express the heartbreak that abortion causes, but for the purposes of identification we will call it Post-Abortion Trauma. Common feelings associated with Post-Abortion Trauma include guilt, grief, anger and regret. These feelings frequently manifest themselves through anti-social, self-destructive, and other abnormal behaviors. Many who suffer from Post-Abortion Trauma experience flashbacks, nightmares, and varying degrees of depression. The woman who holds a Christian w orldview is very likely to begin, at some point after her abortion, to feel like a second-class citizen in Gods economy, even though she may know this to be incompatible with Scripture. She usually will either turn away from the church completely or try to prove herself by being good long enough until God will finally forgive her. Many post-abortive women, as we have already described, are secretly convinced that their transgressions are literally in a class by themselves, beyond the reach of Gods forgiveness. The more important task, then is to accept on an emotional level what they may already know on an intellectual level: that Gods forgiveness is already available, and that they must decide to reach out and grasp it firmly. There are three important aspects to this firm grasp on forgiveness: (1) knowing Who ultimately has paid the debt, (2) allowing intimacy with God to be restored and (3) understanding the difference between punishment and consequences. The Bible clearly teaches that God has made provision for the forgiveness of wrongdoing. But the post-abortive woman often has a very difficult time believing that forgiveness is available for her selfish and catastrophic choice. Thus, in apparent contradiction to (or ignorance of) her own theology, she cannot accept Gods forgiveness. Instead, she continues to live in a compartmentalized state in which her head knowledge and her heart knowledge do not match. Like the person described in the Matthew 18 parable, she has been told of her Lords forgiveness; but her guilty emotions still demand that she pay her debt herself. Restoring intimacy is the second aspect of forgiveness, and it is perhaps best understood in the parent-child relationship. When a child chooses to do something wrong, a healthy, loving parent needs only to know that the child is genuinely sorry for her actions for reconciliation and intimacy to be restored. In the same way, God only needs for us to verbalize our responsibility and sorrow for our action in order to restore intimacy with Him. Finally, the third aspect of forgiveness has to do with understanding the difference between punishment and consequences, which are all too easily confused. For the post-abortive woman. a consequence might be infertility. It is tempting for her to interpret this as a sign of Gods continued judgment and rejection. Instead, she needs to understand Gods care for her, and His limitless capacity to redeem the fallout from unwise choices in a fallen world. God, as a loving parent, is as grieved as we are about the losses brought on by our choices. But living with the consequences of our choices is a key part of the uncoerced relationship God desires to have with us. The sacrament of confession unveils us and humbles us before God. Confession removes barriers of sin so that the love from the Father can be completely received by us and then we in turn are strengthened to return that beautiful unconditional love back to the Father and share it with others around us, particularly our spouse. Christ conquered the death of sin at the cross- He became sin itself, died and defeated it through the resurrection. Ironically, it is through Christ, that our sin brings us to new life. The more we reveal of ourselves, the more we are forgiven- where there is much forgiveness there is much love and gratitude. Our anger dies, our bitterness dies, our resentment dies, our critical spirit dies, and our desire for revenge dies. We are now set free so that we ourselves may forgive and live a joyful, fulfilling marriage in and through the grace of Christ. It may be that at one time or another we have found the sacrament of Reconciliation a burden. Perhaps we even can remember an occasion when we said, I wish I didnt have to go to confession. But certainly in our saner moments we find Reconciliation a sacrament that we love, a sacrament we would not want to be without. Just think of all that the sacrament of Reconciliation does for us! First of all, if a person has cut himself off from God by a grave and deliberate act of disobedience against God (that is, by mortal sin), the sacrament of Reconciliation reunites the soul to God; sanctifying grace is restored to the soul. At the same time, the sin itself (or sins) is forgiven. Just as darkness disappears from a room when the light is turned on, so too must sin disappear from the soul with the coming of sanctifying grace. When received without any mortal sin on the soul, the sacrament of Reconciliation imparts to the soul an increase in sanctifying grace. This means that there is a deepening and strengthening of that divine-life-shared by which the soul is united to God. And always, any venial sins which the penitent may have committed and for which he is truly sorry are forgiven. These are the lesser and more common sins which do not cut us off from God but still hinder, like clouds across the sun, the full flow of his grace to the soul. It is a spiritual medicine which strengthens as well as heals. That is why a person intent upon leading a good life will make it a practice to receive the sacrament of Reconciliation often. Frequent confession is one of the best guarantees against falling into grave sin. It would be the height of stupidity to say, I dont need to go to confession because I havent committed any mortal sins. All these results of the sacrament of Reconciliation-restoration or increase of sanctifying grace, forgiveness of sins, remission of punishment, restoration of merit, grace to conquer temptation-all these are possibleonly because of the infinite merits of Jesus Christ, which the sacrament of Reconciliation applies to our souls. Jesus on the cross already has done our work for us. In the sacrament of Reconciliation we simply give God a chance to share with us the infinite merits of his Son. Your sins are forgiven. (Luke 5:20) t was many years and many struggles later that I realized that it is in the solitude of the confessional when I most live by the way (or power) of the cross. It is in the confessional that I become soulfully naked and surrender my sinful life to God. He then gifts me with new life (His Grace). It is through Gods grace that the possibilities for life become endless and exciting. Philippians 4:13 reads I can do everything God asks me to with the help of Christ who gives me the strength and power. Realize the sacraments are living. God is actually present in the sacrament of reconciliation through His grace (the power of the Holy Spirit). God loves humility so when I completely reveal my weaknesses and failings to God in the sacrament of reconciliation, God gifts me with His grace and through His grace HE inwardly strengthens me against future sin and temptation. The Holy Spirit fills me with love, joy, peace, true happiness and a feeling of being content no matter what my life circumst ances may be. Ultimately, in the confessional, I am slowly being set free from the bondage of sin because in my deepening love for God I loose desire to sin.

Slaughterhouse Five Essay -- essays research papers

Slaughterhouse-Five   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Critics often suggest that Kurt Vonnegut's novels represent a man's desperate, yet, futile search for meaning in a senseless existence. Vonnegut's novel, Slaughterhouse-Five, displays this theme. Kurt Vonnegut uses a narrator, which is different from the main character. He uses this technique for several reasons.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut introduces Slaughterhouse Five in the first person. In the second chapter, however, this narrator changes to a mere bystander. Vonnegut does this for a specific reason. He wants the reader to realize that the narrator and Billy Pilgrim, the main character, are two different people. In order to do this, Vonnegut places the narrator in the text, on several occasions. 'An American near Billy wailed that [Billy] had excreted everything but his brains...That was I. That was me.'; This statement clearly illustrates that the narrator and Billy are not the same person. The narrator was the American disgusted by Billy. Vonnegut places the narrator in the novel in subtle ways. While describing the German prisoner trains, he merely states, 'I was there.'; By not referring to Billy as I, Billy is immediately an individual person. I is the narrator, while Billy is Billy. Their single connection is that they were both in the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Kurt Vonnegut places his experiences and his views in the text. He begins the book by stating, 'All this happened, more or less...

The Donner Party :: essays research papers

DAVID McCULLOUGH, Host: Good evening and welcome to The American Experience. I'm David McCullough. At the start of spring in the year 1846 an appealing advertisement appeared in the Springfield, Illinois, Gazette. ''Westward ho,'' it declared. ''Who wants to go to California without costing them anything? As many as eight young men of good character who can drive an ox team will be accommodated. Come, boys, you can have as much land as you want without costing you anything.'' The notice was signed G. Donner, George Donner, leader of what was to become the most famous of all the hundreds of wagon trains to start for the far west, the tragic, now nearly mythic Donner Party. For years Western scholars and novelists have been drawn to the story, yet until now there has been no documentary. Ric Burns's film is a first. Westward ho, indeed. If ever there was a moment when America seemed in the grip of some great, out-of-the-ordinary pull, it was in 1846. The whole mood was for movement, expansion, and the whole direction was westward. It was in 1846 that the Mormons set out on their trek to the Great Salt Lake. It was in 1846 that the Mexican war began and effectively all of Texas, Mexico and California were added to the United States. And it wasn't just young men who answered the call. Whole families and people of all stations in life joined the caravan, which is part of the fascination of our haunting story. One is struck, for example, by how many women there were in the Donner party and how many of them survived the horrific ordeal they met. Imagine packing up an entire household, saying good-bye to all you've known and setting off to walk essentially to walk to California, a continent away, little knowing what was in store. ALEXIS DE TOCQUEVILLE: ''It is odd to watch with what feverish ardor Americans pursue prosperity. Ever tormented by the shadowy suspicion that they may not have chosen the shortest route to get it. They cleave to the things of this world as if assured that they will never die, and yet rush to snatch any that comes within their reach as if they expected to stop living before they had relished them. Death steps in, in the end, and stops them before they have grown tired of this futile pursuit of that complete felicity which always escapes them.

Nostradamus :: essays research papers

Nostradamus   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Michel De Nostradame, otherwise known as Nostradamus was born December 14, 1503. His family was of Jewish ancestry. His grandfather, Pierre de Nostradame, had settled in Provence because by the mid-1400s, many Jews had come to live there. Nostradamus' father was Jacques de Nostradame. Jacques worked as a scholary, since most people didn't know how to write he wrote things for them, from love letters to formal documents. Jacques' income provided a good home at the time. Nostradamus' earliest recollection of his home was the following:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Typical of all provenà §al homes in the sixteenth century was the room where both domestic and social life was carried on. The center and symbol of the room's activity was the great fireplace, majestic, caver-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  nous, holding a banked fire that never went out since his mother and   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  father moved in. Shining pots and pans of brass hung low from the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  mantle shelf. At either angle of the fireplace was an oak settle were his grandfathers liked to laze and talk when they came to visit. On the walls hung light cabinet shelves holding salt and spices.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus had one definite brother, Cà ¨sar who wrote Histoire de Provence, a book which sustains the myth of the Nostradamus royal line. Historians think Nostradamus had three other brothers, Bertrand, Hector, and Antoine, but they are not sure and almost nothing is known about them besides their names.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nostradamus was educated by his grandfathers. First Peyrot, who had been a great traveler, brought Nostradamus up in his home. He taught Nostradamus the basics of mathematics, Greek, Latin, Hebrew, and Astrology. After Peyrot de Nostradamus' death Nostradamus moved back in with his parents, Jacques and Reynià ¨re. It is thought that his other grandfather took over his education for a while, but the family decided to send Nostradamus to Avignon, which at that period was the center of Renaissance learning. At Avignon, Nostradamus spent many hours at University libraries. Nostradamus' biggest interest was astrology. His interest in astrology began to worry his parents, and by the advice of his grandfather he was sent to the University of Montpellier to study medicine. The University of Montpellier was regarded as second only to that of Paris in all of France. Nostradamus arrived there in 1522 at nineteen years of age. In three years he studied all the subjects needed for his bachelor's degree. He was tutored by some of the finest doctors in Europe. The process of getting a degree was far more arduous than in the present day, and lasted much longer. A successful candidate was given his license to practice by the bishop of Montpellier.

Coral Bleaching Proposal

Coral reefs deliver ecosystem services to tourism, fisheries and shoreline protection and often called â€Å"rainforests of the sea†. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of polyps that cluster in groups. Coral reefs grow best in warm, shallow, clear, sunny and agitated waters. However, coral reefs are fragile ecosystems, partly because they are very sensitive to water temperature.They are under threat from climate change, oceanic acidification, blast fishing, cyanide fishing for aquarium fish, overuse of reef resources, and harmful land-use practices, including urban and agricultural runoff and water pollution, which can harm reefs by encouraging excess algal growth. According to Brian Skoloff of The Christian Science Monitor, â€Å"If the reefs vanished, experts say, hunger, poverty and political instability could ensue.Since countless sea life depends on the reefs for shelter and protection from predators, the extinction of the reefs would ul timately create a domino effect that would trickle down to the many human societies that depend on those fish for food and livelihood. There has been a 44% decline over the last 20 years in the Florida Keys, and up to 80% in the Caribbean alone. Coral is very sensitive to changes in seawater. It requires the temperature is moderate but clean without sewage. As long as there is enough time, coral reefs can naturally recover a little natural damage, and sometimes even make the coral reef biological richer.Human activities on coral can cause the pressure of the reef so long and extensive. These pressures may be generated on coral reefs forever. The method of restoring the damage even of coral death is researched into four parts: coral Introduction, what is the coral bleaching phenomenon, causing bleaching, and the strategy to save coral bleaching. Coral bleaching caused by the decline in species diversity of coral reef ecosystems, and even affect the entire marine physical system. Once the coral reef is dying, the whole ecosystem out of balance.There are many actual reasons why the maintenance of biological diversity is important. Many resources can be prepared in the coral reef in order to made pharmaceuticals, chemicals and food. Before the coral reef caused serious destruction, many species will be found disappear. No one knows what we destroy, but if we do not stop destroying the coral reef deterioration. The situation will continue, and will lose a lot of value to be discovered. So we want to make a comprehensive conservation and strategies to save disappearing coral.

Paulo Freire’s Pedagogy of the Oppressed: Book Summary Essay

end-to-end the min half of this course, we necessitate subscribe to bity an otherwise(prenominal) books that highlight and chide almost heaviness. all(prenominal) of these books and fritter away shows disparate types of conquering as headspring as different outcomes for the conquest. rough(predicate) of these books and films show that forgiving your oppressor, plunder be in truth beneficial and empowering for the crush. These stories incur been eye-opening to things that I expect not read near and sh consume me pots of different registers of view. there ar theories that trounce about burdensowork forceess and how it impacts ii the oppressor and the oppressed.In the book The educational activity of the Oppressed, Paulo Freire negotiation about how he saw oppression in both stages. He dialog about the first stage as the oppressed unveil the world of oppression and through the praxis commit themselves to its sack (p. 54). After this transformation, Fre ire describes the second stage as for how pot engage and commit to the protrusion of the myths created and developed in the old enact (p. 55). Both of these stages argon important to Freires theory because later he negotiation about how both the oppressor as salubrious as the oppressed ease up a intelligence about both of their roles in oppression. Both convocations faecal matter see how they equalise into the world and how they are encountered at by the world as well. They both also see how they not only manifestation at themselves but how they grimace spinal column at the world. Behaviors a wearardised(p) fear, beliefs, and ethics breeze a huge illuminateify in this theory because these behaviors drive the oppressed and the oppressors to look at the world in the centering they do.Freire first duologue about what he refers to as the oppressor consciousness and how they are unremarkably have born privilege. This consciousness of this oppression is talked abou t as the craving of scatty to be in control of things like other mountain. In this article, I read about this book it talked about the demand of conquest and in that respect is a severalise that states,The oppressor consciousness, Freire pointed out, equates its organism with having and being in the distinguish of the haves. It craves to possess and dominate things, people indeed, the inherent world. And in this unrestrained voracity to have more, it ends us reducing life plants, animals and purge humans to objects that exist for his profit and plunder.(Freire,2000) This summon reminded me a lot of the book and how Freire dialog about the oppressor consciousness. Relating to that quote Freire talks about how the oppression whence talks about how they want to keep those who are oppression isolated from everything else. Then Freire talks about the oppressors manipulating the oppressed to keep their amphetamine hand to maintain control. oneness other thing that Fre ire custodytions in this book is the cultural invasion and how oppressors convince the oppressed that they have instinctive inferiority. Freire accordingly goes on to talk about the oppressed consciousness and how the oppressed are expert as alive(predicate) as the oppressors. Freire talks about how the oppressed seem to fear freedom because they do not know what it would be like for them when their unchangeable reality became changeable.This book really related to the El Che which we discussed earlier in the course and this book had a lot of similarities to Freire and El Ches way of thinking about oppression. They both wanted to adjure oppression but did it in a different way. Freire is a teacher and he obtains his part in genteelness is a progressive peerless. Freire sees a diminishing subvert class being kept nigh an oppressive and privileged class just intrigued by keeping their power. Freire sees this oppression as wrong and he needs to pass on care of. His way of standing up for what he believes in a unconditional manner is through his knowledge and education and not by reverting to visible vehemence. He renderes, each situation in which approximately men prevent others from spicy in the process of inquiry is one of violenceto alienate humans from their own decision making is to change them into objects. Freire states that oppression is deep to the point that the lower class isnt being recognized as human.In the film, Long shadows journeying into Day, puzzles of sons that were killed by natural law violence come to featureher to discuss their move around and how they were dealing with oppression. This film was a accusative about seven juvenile men and they had been set up, betrayed and killed by police in Africa. The mothers of these young men who had been wrongfully killed were disposed the opportunity to meet with Thapelo Mbelo, who was one of the officers that remove their sons. These mothers sit down and talk about exper iences with this oppression and how they dealt with the deaths of their children. This film also had a connection to the last book The Pedagogy of the Oppressed because it talked about the theory of the oppressor consciousness. The officer Mbelo talks about when he shot one of the young men and he says that he saw the young mans hand in the line, but shot him anyway. This connected to Freier lecture about how the oppressor used the excuse of automatic inferiority to use force unnecessarily.One of the mothers spoke about the young man who was shot in the head patronage his blatant surrendering. She asks Mbelo many questions with respect to how he feels about the impacts of his action, including seeing himself on picture and the compromising his ethics for payment. Mbelo claims that he was not given a choice and was told to start the decisions he made because he was being closely watched by white people that he answered to. After that the following mother talks about how their son s were human and should have been protected by police irrespective of what they looked like. The police officers were accomplishing more or lessthing ghastly which would soon hind end them in a bad position, merely Mbelo took after(prenominal) their conduct at any means possible. She keeps on getting some information about how his conscious as she asks him question after question. Genuinely and deeply offended, she describes how her child was dragged with a rope when police were clearing the bodies. She approaches him questions that challenge who now forget pay for her grandchildren to go to school, or who nominate for his family. The third mother starts by expressing to Mbelo that his construction is one that she ordain always remember, and that she will never absolve him for what he did. She speaks of how speckle her son was always working for freedom, Mbelo worked for the Boers. It was then that the second mother interrupts and added in that after many eons of saying Me los first name in hatred, this time saying his name, she remembers that, his name Thapelo, signifies mildness. This rouses her Christian religion to function her achieve tenderness for Mbelo. She expresses that her child is now dead and that on that point is nothing anyone especially Mbelo, washbowl do to bring him back. This mother then states that at the point when Jesus was on the cross, he advised his follower to par turn in the soulfulnesss who had committed sin. She says that she found it deep down herself and her religion to liberate him since she needs to dispose of this weight she was imparting inside, and that it is Gods will and volition which matters solely when judgement day comes. She then concludes her doing in the conversation by need Mbelo well and she forgave him for his wrongdoings.In the book, A world Being Died That nighttime Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela discusses her records and meetings with state-ordered mass sea wolf Eugene De Kock. The book also i ncorporates stories and meetings from criminals and victims on the two sides of the racial gap. Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela is inspired to visit Eugene De Kock in jail where he is serving 212 eld for his crimes after she goes to a PRC mental testing that really sticks with her. Pumla explains De Kocks crimes as crimes against human beings and humility and after she meets with him that she starts to think about the meaning of being a human. Pumla starts to express her deeply rooted compassion for the individuals who knock down into the brutality of the apartheid government.There is a part in the book when Pumla states that, nothing can ever reverse injustices committed against others. only if an vindication pronounced in the stage setting of horrible acts has the potential for transformation. It clears or settles the air in order to begin reconstructing the broken in connections surrounded by two human beings.. Pumla talks about how when through the PRC apology and forgiveness happened that there became more conversations between the people who generally would have fluid been filled and consumed by abhor. Forgiveness is a huge part of A humans Being Died That darkness as well as in the nation of southernmost Africa all in all. The Peace and propitiation commission give individuals on the two sides of the racial violence the chance to stand up and assume liability for what they have done. In doing as such it offers windup to the individuals who were influenced by the violence and gives them the chance to cop and forgive. Pumla is an individual from the homo Rights Violations Committee which is a piece of the Peace and Reconciliation Commission. She has a wide understanding of the cin one casept of forgiveness as a great and impressive power and the way for individuals to push before from extraordinary injustices and human catastrophe.While instruction this A Human Died That Night, there was talk and themes about the topic of unrighteous and h ow there were many meanings and interpretations of the word. Evil is accomplishing something that is significantly unethical. In various societies, beliefs, and cultures it can be understand in various ways. In Christianity, there is a strict line begin between what is sizeable and what is evil. In different religions, a particular thing can be good to one mortal and bad to another, it just depends upon how it is seen. Essentially, nothing is good or evil it just is. In A Human Being Died That Night and Long Nights Journey into Day evil can be found with regards to prejudice and how most people are able to concur that racism is evil. Harboring hatred towards somebody because of something they cant control or change isnt right. The obvious reaction to evil is to get irate and have the need to force back against the individual or group that conferred the evil act however that will not take care of the issue. It is salvage unknown as to how to react to evil on the grounds that i t appears like disregardless of how one reacts it will proceed until the point when the culprit acknowledges what they are doing isnt right. This backpedals to the casualty that individuals see good and evil in various ways. The best way to truly stop evil is to teach the individual or group and challenge them to look the outcomes of their actions and how it impacts others. It is conceivable to forgive evil on the grounds that in the event that you dont you will never buzz off a mind of contentment or peace. It is an important thing so you can move on with your life.The film Korengal is about the journey of men who are American soldiers and the journey of their deployment through the death valleys. This film describes through the perspective of the soldiers their emotions and experiences throughout their military experience. In this film, the soldiers were sent to help the oppressed get out of their horrible situation. There was a very faint thought of oppression throughout t he whole film. conquest throughout all of these films and book was very frequent but was more predominant in certain stories. A Human Being Died That Night and Long Nights Journey into Day allow us see that forgiving individual who has harmed us or somebody we are close to or that is important to us can influence us to feel powerless and anxious. To forgive that person, you egest on your inward qualities. In Long Nights Journey into Day the moms draw upon their profound love for their children keeping in mind the end goal to forgive the man who killed them. I think they additionally understand that the loathe or hate they have clutched for such a bigger number of years does not help them and they have the need to accomplish something so they can find a sense of contentment or peace once more. A comparable thing happens in A Human Being Died That Night. Throughout all of these books and films, there have been great lessons on way oppression happens and some of the ways that we can change within ourselves and our communities.