Dorothea Lange s Portrait Of Beauty And Creativity

Although art is often characterized as works of beauty and creativity, Dorothea Lange proved that her art is authenticity as she depicted the Great Depression of the 30s and the Japanese Internment of the 40s without filters; moreover, Lange s photographs embodies the failure of the American ideal in periods of poverty, dejection and discrimination. Lange s family inspired her later career in photography by exposing her to endless possibilities of creativity. After studying at Columbia University, Lange boldly decided to become a photographer although she knows nothing about photography. Lange said in an interview: I had never owned a camera, but I just knew that was what I wanted to do (Oral). She supported her dream with economically plausible means, that is, working in several portrait studios. Using photography as a business rather than artistic expression, Lange started a portrait studio in San Francisco. As the Great Depression strikes America in the 1930s, one quarter of all workers lost their jobs. Americans increasingly loose hope in their government for not providing relief or recovery. Lange took her camera to the streets and took her first photograph of the Great Depression era- The White Angel Breadline. Amy Pastan, a prominent writer of photographs stated that the White Angel Breadline is a disturbing but beautiful image that would come to represent the face of the Great Depression (pastan). This picture peaks into a scene at the door of a kitchen

Reality Vs. Fantasy Today s Modern World - 1459 Words

Reality vs. Fantasy In today’s modern world, our mindsets in fashion are all based on fantasy: new brands, trends and many more. We all live in a society whereby we tend to buy things that are attractive and very unique within our culture. Even though we don’t have enough money for such expensive items such as clothes and many other materialistic things, borrowing or lending money from others would still be worthwhile due to the desirability of the product. In fashion, a question came to mind, what type of people are mostly portrayed in magazine covers and why focus only on one particular age group? Nowadays, as we all know, young people are the most portrayed in any fashion trends in the nation as well as the world we live in. Those that are being portrayed on magazine covers such as Entertainment Weekly, People, Star Magazine, Vogue, etc., depicts young/mid-age celebrities (actors/musicians/athletes) for example Nicki Minaj, Justin Bieber, George Clooney, Ashton Kutch er, Kobe Bryant and many more. What will it be like to feature older people on magazine ads today? Will consumers/customers still have the same feelings or mood of buying what is presented to them? Based on experiments, including survey questions I asked my friends, family members and various students, the majority of them would be in less favor of continuing their business relationship with such magazine companies that portrays older people than young on their ads. The magazine advertisement that I choseShow MoreRelatedVampire Existence1641 Words   |  7 Pageslong. But the image of a vampire has changed. Today it is an mysterious sexy superstar that kept its peculiar traits: love of blood, hate for garlic, and fear for the sun. 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Evil : Evil And Evil2280 Words   |  10 Pages Fairy Tales are a piece of actual reality, human nature and moral dilemmas we all have to face at one time or another. Cinderella brings the concept of good vs. evil to light in a way that we are all familiar with, we are presented with a beautiful young girl who is abused and ridiculed by her step-mother and step-sisters, she overcomes these evils through her goodness and innocence. The ‘Evil’ Stepmother despises Cinderella s goodness, as it hi ghlights her and her own daughter’s flaws. ThroughoutRead More Advertising - Selling a Lot More than Just a Product Essay2583 Words   |  11 Pagesadvertisement — the actual product, the display of the sensual woman as she drinks a glass of milk, or the muscular man sporting a Ralph Lauren blanket as a loincloth? These types of advertisements display unlikely depictions of men and women to society. Today, advertisers use the influence of gender and sex to sell various products to consumers, resulting in unrealistic expectations of men and women to society. According to Vernon Fryburger, author of the book The New Age of Advertising, â€Å"The most importantRead More Discontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop5489 Words   |  22 PagesDiscontent Expressed through Blues, Jazz, Reggae, and Hip-hop In cultures all over the world, music can be seen encompassing many aspects of life for many individuals. It is a form of mass communication thatspeaks directly to society as a cultural form, and often reflects a collection and pattern of personal experiences (King 19). Music is so influential because it communicates on three different levels: the physical, emotional, and cognitive. Not only does it operate in a nondiscursive way, by

Fight Club Essay free essay sample

From the Bottom Up One of the many central themes in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel Fight Club is the idea that one has to break themselves down in order to build themselves up. Joe, who serves as both the narrator and the protagonist in both the novel and film, finds himself unhappy in his consumerist life where the lines of gender roles are constantly being challenged and blurred. Joe is tortured by his work on a daily basis where he sees human lives being disregarded and turned into mere statistics with a dollar value attributed to them on a sheet of paper. This torture along with the strain of not being able to make any real human connections and relationships along with his confusion over his gender role in society lead to the creation of his alter ego, Tyler. Tyler is the exact opposite of Joe. In Terry Lee’s article â€Å"Virtual Violence in Fight Club: This Is What Transformation of Masculine Ego Feels Like†, he explains that Tyler â€Å"embodies Jack’s own repressed strengths, qualities that are useful, when contracted for short periods in the service of making transformative change, but which cannot be – or shouldn’t be – acted out in everyday life† (420). We will write a custom essay sample on Fight Club Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page What Joe is seeking then is a balance in his life; something to give his life meaning and beauty. He creates Tyler, or rather lets him out, in order to achieve that balance and ends up finding himself in a battle between his two personas that manifests itself in the form of male fighting clubs. Joe teeter totters between his old self, the one he is trying to change, and Tyler who isn’t necessarily the change that he wants to become but rather the catalyst to the balance that he is trying to reach. Tyler delivers a constant message to Joe throughout both the novel and film, that is that if you want to exact change in yourself you have to forget everything you thought you knew about yourself and the life that you lead. Tyler tells Joe that he is nowhere near hitting the bottom yet and that if he doesn’t fall all the way that he can’t be saved (Palahniuk 70). Tyler starts Joe on his journey to the bottom by blowing up his apartment and telling him that, It’s only after you’ve lost everything that you’re free to do anything† (Fight Club). Having been socialized into his consumerist role as a man and confused as to how to express his masculinity his whole life, Joe is resistant to Tyler’s methods. Lee states that, â€Å"Jack needs to awaken from his consumer numbness, his deadened, emotionless life: the old Jack needs to die, so a new Jack can come to life† (420). In the film, Joe does not realize that he needs to let go of his old self completely in order to build a new better self until the very end at the cataclysmic moment when all of Tyler’s hard work is about to culminate in the explosions of several high-rise buildings. The realization that Tyler’s actions are about to become a reality, in the film adaptation of Fight Club, shocks Joe into finally accepting and exacting the change that he needed. He emerges from his inner battle with Tyler victorious and armed with a new consciousness. Ironically it was the narrator, Joe, who said that, â€Å"Only after disaster can we be resurrected† (Palahniuk 70). While it is clear that all Joe needed to do to find happiness, meaning, and beauty in his life was strike a balance between himself and his subconscious, Tyler, it is only fair to say that the reason things got so out of hand was that he was also suffering from several clinical illnesses. He not only undoubtedly suffered from insomnia and dissociative personality disorder but also was probably affected by depression and some degree of sociopathy. A normal, healthy person probably would have been able to make gradual changes in their life to achieve happiness.

Information systems of a specific business Essay Example

Information systems of a specific business Essay For this assignment I am required to do research and write a report on the information systems of a specific business of my choice, from this business I will get the relevant information about information systems. I will use my initiative in obtaining the information for the assignment. The business that I have chosen for this assignment is Tesco PLC and the information that I collect for this assignment will be from various forms of desk and field research. Tesco is a international supermarket retailer and 2nd largest in the world following Wal-Mart at number 1 originating from USA, Tesco is a mainly known for selling general groceries but Tesco is also has a large non-food range for example banking and insurance, clothing, mobile phone shop, entertainment and books as well as other household equipment and extras. This assignment consist of 5 parts, I will start with Part A this specifies the assignment agenda, introduction to the business (Tesco), business products and services, key facts and information as well as a list information systems used by Tesco PLC. We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems of a specific business specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems of a specific business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Information systems of a specific business specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Assignment Agenda * Identify information needs within different functional areas of an organisation * Compare a range of information systems * Examine the tools available to organisations for information processing * Evaluate the information systems within an organisation. Introduction to Tesco Tesco PLC is a global grocery and general merchandising retailer headquartered in Cheshunt, United Kingdom. Tesco is the third-largest retailer in the world measured by revenues (after Wal-Mart and Carrefour) and the second-largest measured by profits after Wal-Mart. Tesco has stores in 14 countries across Asia, Europe and North America and is the grocery market leader in the UK (where it has a market share of above 30%). Jack Cohen the founder of Tesco, began to sell groceries from a stall in the East End of London, his first days profit was à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½1 and sales à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4. Jack Cohen opened his first Tesco store in Burnt Oak, Edgware, North London in the 1929 and Tesco became a private limited in 1932 and from then Tesco has grown very rapidly and never stopped, Tesco became from a mortar to a mortar and clicks organisation in 2000. Tesco Mission Statement To create value for customers to earn their lifetime loyalty No one tries harder for customers: * Understand customers. * Be first to meet their needs. * Act responsibly for our communities. (Source: http://www.tescoplc.com/about-tesco/our-values/) Products / Services of Tesco Tesco offers a very wide range from products starting from groceries, furniture and kitchen, clothing and jewellery, phone shop, entertainment and books, sports and leisure, and many more at www.tesco.com The following companies are the major competitors of Tesco PLC: * ASDA Group Limited * BP Plc * Carrefour S.A. * ExxonMobil Corporation * The Big Food Group Plc * J Sainsbury plc * Marks and Spencer Group plc * Royal Dutch/Shell Group * Safeway Inc. * Safeway plc * Somerfield * SPAR Handels-Aktiengesellschaft * The Boots Group PLC * Wm Morrison Supermarkets PLC * Booker Cash ; Carry Limited * ALDI Group * The Carphone Warehouse Group PLC * John Lewis Partnership plc http://people.exeter.ac.uk/wl203/BEAM011/Materials/Lecture%204/TESCO%20Company%20Profile.pdf Key facts about Tesco * Founded in 1919 (East London) * Founder: Jack Cohen * Global work force Tesco has around 472,000 employees worldwide shared over 14 countries. (See reference: 2) * Number of stores Tesco has over 5,380 stores globally (See reference: 1) * Key people David Reid (Chairman) Philip Clarke (Chief Executive) * Revenue: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60.93 billion 2010/11 (See reference: 1) Definition of Data ; Information What is data? The term data is referred to as collection of numerical characteristic which is collected using qualitative or quantitative research methods. An example of data collected could be for example the number of males and females in a room and this can be displayed in many different forms and all these figures are known as data. Male 7 Female 3 Total headcount: 10 Male 70% Female 30% 10/7 Male ratio 10/3 Female ratio What is information? Information is normally received in a context where it is required this is different from data, information is obtained from occurrence for example when I order something from the Tesco I am required to give my name and address because to complete the occurrence or my order. Data vs. Information Data is raw facts in figures which are analysed and processed as information, data is inadequate without connection to information. Information is a form of data which is in words. Define Information System Information system or IS is any combination of technology which processes information, facilitates and helps individuals or businesses like Tescos activities using technology to support operations, management, decision-making and many other operations. An information system is regarded as a form of communication system in which data presented and processed as a form of social recall. An information system can also be considered a semi-formal language which supports human decision making and actions like advising on efficiency by analysing wastage and this could be wastage of time, financial resources, materials and human resources.

Ap Argumentative Essay free essay sample

Within seconds, one can attain understanding about anything and everything. The Internet has changed the world forever. Now, people across continents do not have to take hours out of their day to research a topic because with search engines, most questions are answered. People can access and find answers their questions faster than ever because of the Internet. However, it is unclear how accurate and reliable sources from the Internet can be to someone. For example, self-diagnosing is becoming a huge problem in American and other societies. One might look up some â€Å"symptoms† he/she is experiencing and automatically believe that they have some rare disease and are destined to die. Hypochondria is when one obsesses over their health; it is sometimes phrased as health anxiety. With the Internet in hand, hypochondriacs furiously go through many search engines trying to find cures for any disorders they believe they might have. Some might even try to use home remedies found on the Internet for things that they don’t even have, which can actually be harmful to their bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Ap Argumentative Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In place of going to a doctor to see if something is seriously wrong, the Internet provides a place for all to self-diagnose and self-treat themselves, mostly inaccurately. The Internet can be used for both good and evil. It offers a quick and easy answer to everything. Therefore, many use it everyday to save time. It is our own task to find out if what advice we are following is true or not.

Globalisation And Sustainability Essays - Capitalism, Free Essays

Globalisation And Sustainability Essays - Capitalism, Free Essays Globalisation And Sustainability Globalisation and Sustainability: The Importance of Government Sidney Rua Student #: 990129213 Frasier Valentine POL103Y1 April 10, 2000 The world was once vast and unknown. Communication was once dreaded as messages would take exceeded amounts of time from one point of destination to the next. Countries would not know of each others affairs for months because the world was large beyond anyones imagination. But as soon as technology reared its head the world rapidly became smaller. It modified everything within its grasp. Communication that once took months could now take seconds. Travelling abroad that would have taken years now took hours. Every institution that fell into this form of globalisation changed. It is obvious to see that governments have also been effected by globalisation in such ways that they can either imitate or contrast with each other. Yet a controversy exists about the issue on the effect of globalisation on governmental power. On one side of the argument globalisation is considered as a force that weakens the power of government whereas others debate the contrary, claiming that there is no effect and power remains constant. Still both arguments fail because of the extremity that they impose. A better argument would be that globalisation does effect government power, not to the point of weakening, but ensuring that no abuse of power occurs unknowingly. Globalisation is simply a tool that enables the actions of governments to be monitored by other countries and world organisations. With comparison of Australian and Canadian environmental policy, it will be clear that actions taken by the government have been influenced (not controlled) by globalisation. The idea of the world becoming a small interactive village is what many would consider the effect of globalisation. Boundaries are no longer an issue and can be crossed with an easy click of the mouse. But globalisation is far from being a new concept that came along with technology. It has existed since humans have had curiosity. The exploring of new lands, the discovery of new peoples and nations, to the fascination of natures physical features, people have been in the process of globalisation for centuries. Technology had simply allowed globalisation to progress a little more rapidly than what it had accomplished in the past. Although it seems that globalisation brings promise of a unified Utopian society this is far from becoming the truth. Todays world is based on the market. The selling of goods and services to the consumer to gain profit. Therefore globalisation has become the expansion of the market place with greater opportunities for production and trade in new locations.1 Relations are established between nations, not for the mere satisfaction of peace, but for the insurance that a trading partner exists where profit can be gained. This motivation from profit leads to the element of the manufacturing process. In order to achieve maximum profit corporations need to spend less in producing a product. They go about this through means of cheap energy fuel (usually fossil fuels like coal), low labour wages, and cutting costs in waste disposal. For an exceeded amount of time corporations have been able to escape the clutches of the law because it was seen that damage to the environment was a small price to pay in exchange for high profits. For instance abuse to the Canadian forests in the past two centuries has led to a large proportion of it being cut, 8 000 kilometres long and hundreds of kilometres wide.2 When large damage has been inflicted only then will peoples concerns be aroused. Governments then needed to intervene, to steer corporations from inflicting anymore damage to

International Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

International Organizations - Assignment Example In addition, the IGOs influence the issues of peace and security such that they are deals with inter-nations conflicts and enhance the resolution process s of conflict between states that in return reflect towards improved international security and peace. International non-governmental organizations act as an important watchdog over issues concerning peace and security globally and have a limited capability and strength to enforce international peace and security because of their financial dependence on the respective governments. The NGOs influence the issue of security and peace by forwarding recommendations of new measures in the international agenda on peace and security and constant pressure on the actors to act on the new approach towards a peaceful and secure globe. The multinational organizations are non-profit organization, which operate independently whereby the forces under their command are recruited from various nations that are used to keep peace in nations having civi l wars. Consequently, the multinational have a considerable strength and capability towards the achievement of international peace and security. Hover, these organizations are limited by their dependency on the various nations to provide them with troops. The multinational organizations have achieved the restoration of peace in nation experiencing civil wars for example in Haiti. Development Development is a general term used to describe the growth of a nation in terms of economy, and infrastructure. The various actors contribute to the development issues in different ways and capabilities. The state organizations has the highest percentage in ensuring development because it is responsible too... The paper tells that international organizations refer to an organization that has a global scope in the issues it deals with and operate on international basis. The various international organizations including states, intergovernmental organizations, international non-governmental organizations, and multinational corporations compromise of issue areas with diversified and relative strengths and influence towards the actors. International Peace and Security is an issue that deals with the measures taken by the states to ensure that the world is not under the attack from terrorists located in designated nations. The various actors towards international peace and security present various strength and influence towards attaining the common goal of protecting the world against attacks and peaceful correlation of different states. Development is a general term used to describe the growth of a nation in terms of economy, and infrastructure. The various actors contribute to the development issues in different ways and capabilities. The state organizations has the highest percentage in ensuring development because it is responsible too coordinate all the development strategies pioneered by the other actors such as NGOs, IGOs and multinational organizations. The human right issue is a main international issue whereby all the actors take responsibility in ensuring that it is upheld. The state organizations have a considerable strength in ensuring that the human rights are upheld. As a result, the state organizations set the bills on human rights.

Historical Events Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Historical Events - Research Paper Example The development and expansion story of education has just remained to be one of the expanding accesses with various differences arising at every dawn of collegiate growth in each new era. Higher educational institutions were largely supported by the educational philanthropists whenever reflected back in the 12th century during the time of medieval universities development (Riesman, 2001). The higher education system is perceived to have mainly originated in the United States whereby its development has been influenced by a series of events. The federal government became directly linked to the higher education during the time of the civil war. During this period, the southern congressmen who had a tendency of opposing the legislature were missing in the action. Most of the proposals and objectives were created under the Morril Act of 1862 that was in pursuit of the educational motion gearing programs. Among the programs proved to subdue the higher educational programs included: mechanical, agricultural, and military sciences encompassing the liberal arts. The state decided to attach some new programs like agricultural and engineering to historic colleges. This was aimed at boosting the political strength and expansion of the university definition scope and the curricula between 1887 and 1914. This Act of Morril was termed as the land grant-act due to the collective su pport gain exert on colleges to enhance development. The second Morril Act of 1890 considered to be the latest stimulated the expansion power of the federal engagement in the education development. This led to the funding of projects that related to land-grant campuses (Razzell, 2006). Basing on the Morril Act with the federal legislation furry, African –Americans were faced with great attention through the receivership of mixed results due to differences experienced in treatment. This act provided the policy of strictly funding the African-American

Free

Free Press and Democracy Essay Democracy is a form of government in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally and to have free access to information ideas and opinions, with this reasoning is inferred that de democracy needs free press in order to be function properly. The power of the press is associated to the fundamental principles of democracy thats to say the freedom of expression and freedom of opinion. The desire of people to express themselves freely wouldnt have been possible without a fully free press. The power of the press has managed to reach such importance as freedom of expression. Free press has the capacity to arms citizens with essential information-the truth, that gives people the opportunity to choose the path to follow and to have their own opinion when it comes to solve problems or take a side in the issues that will always take place in a society. An intimidated, uninformed and disinterested public would be the predictable result of the loss of freedom of the press. It is basic statement that to maintain a healthy democracy no government activity should escape the scrutiny of the press. According to one story, one of Napoleon’s contemporaries visited the United States as a guest of President Thomas Jefferson. Upon seeing a Federalist newspaper article lying on a table that heavily criticized Jefferson’s policies, the visiting Frenchman remarked that the writer of the article should be punished. Jefferson responded calmly, â€Å" Sir, you may take the newspaper back with you to France, because that is the difference between my country and yours.† The president, a great believer in freedom of the press, was telling his visitor that without this right, American would not be the country that it is. This was true in 1800, and is equally true today. The freedom to publish facts, even opposing opinions about those facts, is essential for informed voters to participate in a democracy. In a nutshell, it can be inferred with all this information that democracy and free press needs to come handy, together in order to give people the freedom that they deserve to take their own opinion in a determinate matter. In my opinion everybody have the right to take their own decisions and to have their own opinion in all aspects of live. Without free press there is no democracy, no freedom of choice.

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children

Impact of Parental Incarceration on Children Parental Incarceration and Children’s Educational Performance Murray et al. (2012b) reviewed samples of the Pittsburgh Youth Study; a longitudinal survey of 1009 inner city boys up to 18 years, to investigate any links between parental incarceration and children’s poor academic performance. They also accounted for type of parental incarceration, the age of the child and the parent’s level of antisocial behaviour. This study is important because it prospectively investigated child outcomes from before to after parental incarceration as well as social environments, which few studies have done. Findings indicated that parental incarceration was associated with increases in delinquency but it did not predict poor academic performance, even after controlling for other childhood risk factors (Murray et al. 2012b). The reason that parental incarceration had no effect on educational performance is argued to point towards resilience among affected children. Murray et al. (2012b) did specify however, that effects sizes for poor academic att ainment and parental incarceration may be different for short term studies. Cho (2009) investigated children whose mothers were incarcerated in state prison compared with children whose mothers were incarcerated in a county jail for 1 week or less (control group) to see the effect of parental incarceration on grade retention rates. Her study was also valid because where possible she minimised selection bias using propensity scores to match control and experimental groups of children (race, gender, age at mothers incarceration and at child outcome and length of incarceration). Cho’s findings indicated that children whose mothers were incarcerated in a state prison facility had lower grade retention rates in the year prior to, during, and immediately after their mother’s incarceration than the comparison group. Surprisingly these findings reveal that parental incarceration may be beneficial for short-term children’s academic outcomes. Also, findings reveal that factors that pre-exist parental incarceration are worth investigating as they t oo may have an impact on children’s outcomes. Another US study by Hagan Foster (2012) that focussed on paternal incarceration revealed that it led to disrupted families unable to monitor school attendance and nurture levels of children’s school performance. Thus the absence of incarcerated fathers can predict educational failure in children. The reason for this may be increased stress for the remaining caregiver thus affecting the quality of supervision and help with academic life (Vacha McLaughlin, 1992 cited in Hagan Foster, 2012). Hagan and Foster’s (2012) results further indicate high levels of paternal incarceration block access to education achievement. On the other hand, Dallaire et al. (2010), informed by ecological systems theory, carried out a qualitative study where they randomly assigned scenarios to teachers describing a female student whose mother was imprisoned. They also examined teachers experiences of these childrens emotional and behavioural adjustment in the classroom. Focus was on maternal incarceration because they believed that it was a greater risk for children than paternal incarceration. They found that the teachers in their experimental treatment group rated these students as less competent than teachers in a control group in which the child’s mother was described as being away for other reasons such as military deployment. Their findings are important to consider because they argue that no empirical research has examined the experiences of children with incarcerated parents in the school setting or with their teachers. More research is required because children of incarcerated parents have poor education al performance and are stigmatised as revealed by Dallaire et al. (2010) study. Other findings revealed that the quality of the care giving situation and the stability of care were the greatest risks to childrens academic achievement cited by these teachers. Teachers also suggested that they felt younger children suffered more and that maternal incarceration had a greater impact than paternal incarceration because of the roles mothers play. Teachers also noted that they had witnessed some teachers stigmatising these children by expecting less from them and that it would be a bad idea to include information about the parents incarceration in the childs permanent record because of possible mishandling of the information. Findings by Dallaire et al. 2010 therefore suggest that it is stigma effects and labelling processes at hand that predict poor educational performance in children rather than the parental incarceration itself. Therefore, environmental factors play a part in how well c hildren of incarcerated parents do in schools. Parental Incarceration and Children’s Mental Health Parental incarceration might cause mental health problems due to the separation involved, limited contact opportunities, and inadequate explanations given to children and the challenges faced by alternate caregivers (Murray et al. 2014). Children of incarcerated mothers have also been found to exhibit symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and long-term trauma (Cho, 2010). Foster Hagan (2013) looked at maternal and paternal incarceration separately as potential sources of traumatic stress for children during the transition of their children to adulthood. They found that childhood maternal imprisonment increased depressive symptoms compared to not having this experience. Results indicate a gendered vulnerability of male children to maternal imprisonment in adolescence (ages 13–18) that results in uniquely high levels of young adult depressive symptoms. Findings suggest males may be vulnerable to both maternal and paternal imprisonment occurring in adolescence. They also further find that race and ethnic minority youth are more likely to be affected by paternal incarceration. Findings also suggest that both paternal and maternal imprisonment experienced during childhood (ages 0–18) and it is therefore influential on child mental health problems Tasca et al. (2014) argue that little is known regarding variation in the presence or absence of mental health problems within a group of children of incarcerated parents. Their aim was to fill this void in this body of work by comparing incarcerated mothers’ and fathers’ reports of mental health problems among their children. In an effort to advance work on the needs of children of incarcerated parents, they assess whether incarcerated mothers are more likely than incarcerated fathers to report that their children are experiencing mental health problems. Their study contributes to the literature in that it covers most races allowing for a diverse analysis along multiple demographic dimensions. Tasca et al. (2014) findings suggest that incarcerated mothers reported 15.5% of their children were in need of services for mental health problems, compared with only 6.1% of incarcerated fathers’ children. Among paternal incarceration cases, the majority of children were Latino/Latina, whereas the majority of children in maternal incarceration cases were White. While controlling for child age, race/ethnicity, and gender, incarcerated mothers, compared with incarcerated fathers, reported that their children were 2.368 times more likely to have mental health problems. Race/ethnicity (Latino/Latinas) and gender (girls) were negatively related to mental health problems. On the other hand, child’s age was positively related to mental health problems. Regardless of type of parental incarceration, however, the risks posed to these children of prisoners are significant and substantial. Tasca et al. (2014) study highlights that children of incarcerated parents are not a homogenous group. Murray et al. (2012) study results include data samples on general mental disorders, internalizing problems and educational performance from reports by children, teachers, parents, of children’s academic performance. They used results from studies that had sta ndardised test scores to see if parental imprisonment is a risk or causal factor for negative outcomes for children. For poor mental health, effects across all showed almost zero association with parental incarceration. On the other hand, Swisher Roettger’s (2012) results showed that paternal incarceration during childhood is associated with higher depression scores. Surprisingly, white male youths suffered more than black male youths. For blacks and Hispanics there was no significant difference found.

Citibank – Performance Evaluation

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF MANAGEMENT LUCKNOW Written Executive Communication PROJECT REPORT Citibank – Performance Evaluation Submitted to – Dr. Payal Mehra Date – 26/10/2012 Submitted By Group 8, Section C Anuradha Tyagi (PGP28128) Aditya Singh (PGP28158) Bholendra P. Singh (PGP28143) K. Aditya Das (PGP28139) Vishal Raju (PGP28155) Shweta J. (PGP28159) Table of Contents 1. Abstract2 2. Brief Overview of the current situation3 3. Strategy for Case Analysis5 4. Case Analysis6 5. Recommendations9 6. Implementation11 7. References12 AbstractFrits Seegers, President of Citibank California was put in a tough spot when he had to evaluate James McGaren. Mr. McGaren had for long been a good performer, but with the new performance evaluation criteria that take customer satisfaction into consideration, he fared â€Å"below par†. It is now up to Mr. Seegers to take a call on James, should he be given an â€Å"above par† or a â€Å"below par† rating and how wi ll this be communicated to him. Brief Overview of the current situation James McGaran is the manager of the flagship office of Citibank in the Los Angeles area which also happens to be the most important of Citibank’s 31 branches.He has been a veteran not just in the banking sector but also at Citibank. He had delivered impressive financial results for four years in a row exceeding expectations every single year. But when customer satisfaction was included as a decision parameter in when it comes to evaluation, it was evident that James did not fare very well on that front. The new criteria for employee evaluation are as follows: * Financial Measures: Focus was on total revenue and profits * Strategy Implementation: Tracks revenue from a particular segment relevant to the Bank’s strategy. Customer Satisfaction: Surveys were conducted. Emphasis was laid on long term association. * Control Measures: Based on banks internal control processes. If rating < 4, bank is said t o be at risk. * People and Standards: Focused on the efforts of the manager to develop and communicate with peers/ employees. Based on the employees performance in these factors a rating was given, the various ratings that can be given were â€Å"Par†, â€Å"Below Par† and â€Å"Above Par†. Finally, a global rating and overall rating for the manager was awarded.Due to the change in performance evaluation criteria, two major complications flared up: First and foremost, Lisa Johnson has to decide the rating of James. According to bank’s rule an employee can be given above par rating if and only if he is performing at par in all the criteria. John has been excellent at five performance measurement statistics but lags in one i. e. customer satisfaction. So as per the rules he can be given â€Å"at par† rating at best. But Lisa believes that John deserves an above par rating because of his excellent work when it comes to revenues.Secondly, if Lisa decid es to give him an â€Å"at par rating†, she has to decide the best possible way to communicate her decision. She has to inform him in such a way so that it does not have any negative effect on James. Lisa wants James to stay with the company and she has to make sure that the message is communicated properly. It is clear that James will not accept a â€Å"below par† rating and at this juncture, Citibank cannot afford to lose an employee of James’ stature. This is a typical Human Resources related situation which has to be dealt with extreme caution, else there can be dire consequences.Should James’ ego be hurt, there is a good chance he will quit the company and with his credentials, he should not have much trouble getting another job. At the same time, should he be given an â€Å"above par† rating, it would go against the long term vision of the company. Strategy for Case Analysis This case focuses on the performance evaluation James McGaran. Thoug h the performance evaluation parameters adopted in Citi is highly quantified, the performance of Mr McGaran is better measured qualitatively. With a consistent â€Å"above par† rating Mr.McGaran has been a model employee. His financials were outstanding- 20% above target. His strategy implementations were highly rated. It was his branch that generated highest revenue and made the greatest margin contribution to the business. The only area he lagged was â€Å"customer satisfaction† rating. James McGaran was extremely sensitive towards his ratings. He had worked hard to improve the customer satisfaction rating during the last quarter. He felt that extremely disappointed that even with fabulous financial results his rating had suffered due to customer satisfaction.The customer satisfaction rating depends on many factors like the location of the bank, the kind of customer it catered to etc. Mr McGaran’s branch was in Los Angeles. It catered to some really high profi le people. The expectation of such demanding clientele from the branch would be comparatively higher. Besides the customer rating also involved Citibank services rating over and above the branch rating. Hence, judging it on completely quantitative factor wouldn’t provide a completely objective rating. Case Analysis Analyzing James on the new parameter is a very difficult task.As James is the manager of the most challenging branch with highly demanding clientele, it is difficult for him to be the best on all the parameter specially customer service. In five out of six parameters James has been rated above par and it is only the customer service where he has been rated below par. Now as per the new parameters he cannot be rated above par overall. But the question is whether it is rational to not rate him above par. Now if we closely analyze the bank headed by James it is clearly visible that it is one of the most demanding banks in the region not only among Citibank branches bu t also among rivals.The no. of employees at the bank are just sixteen while the clientele of the bank ranges from Households on one end to sophisticated Business customers on the other and Mom and pop store to the sophisticated retail store on the other. Now this diverse clientele has equally diverse customer service requirements. Customer service requirements of one are different from those of the others. So with a employee bas of just sixteen employees it was practically impossible for the branch to provide a very high level of customer service to the clientele.What made things worse for James was that his branch was to bear the blame for the lack of customer services for services such as ATM for which branch was not responsible but the Citibank as a whole was responsible. To add to the woes of James, one of the employee was absent for the third quarter. So very little was in the hands of the James to improve the services of the branch. The huge size of clientele was also causing problem for the branch of James as the no of branches of Citibank were significantly lower than the rivals, so the no. f clients per employee were very large and hence customer service for his branch was very bad. The biggest hurdle in the promotion of James was that other managers were looking at James. If Seeger gave any benefit to James then the other managers would also demand the same benefits and as such the entire performance evaluation system may fail. Also there was a fear that other managers may not take the new performance evaluation system seriously and the sole objective of the bank may to provide relationship banking may fail.But Seeger also knows that the performance of James was remarkable and that he should be awarded for it but at the same time he was not meeting the criterion. Also Seeger had a fear that if James is not awarded than he may be demoralised to excel at the bank and bring those above expectation financial results. Now analyzing, the new scheme propose d by Seeger to evaluate the performance of the managers. The new Scheme fails to count various factors. The new scheme has various pros and cons. Analyzing these pros and cons it is very clear that the scheme is falling short of perfectly evaluating the performance of the managers.As the scheme says that out of six parameters if the manager performs below par in even only one parameter his overall rating cannot be above par. The scheme takes an account on the downside of the performance but does not account for the excellent performance on the other fronts. Let us take the case of James, he was rated excellent in five out of six parameters but still he was not rated above par because his performance in one parameter was below par. The scheme concentrated on the downside of the performance but not on the upside.In fact the scheme became a tool to punish the managers rather than rewarding them. In place of this the bank should have weighted all the six parameters with a minimum perfor mance limit in all. In this case one could compensate the lack of performance in one parameter by excelling in other parameters. The other major shortcoming of the policy was that the policy talked of minimum performance levels. But it failed to talk about exceptional performances. As financial performance of James branch was higher than what was expected of the branch. The bank was failing to reward this exceptional performance.This was highly demoralising for James as he is not rewarded for his financial performances as that was improving the bottom-line of the company. Also one of the problems that was there with customer satisfaction was that the branch was not responsible for all the services as some services like ATM were provided centrally by the Citibank. And so the branch was not responsible for any lack of service but it was held accountable for that. Also another serious issue was that the bank targeted relationship banking but the number of clients per employee were very large as compared to the rivals.The situation was worse in the case of James as he had a very diverse clientele and only sixteen employees so it was very difficult for him to perform above par in the Customer service parameter. On analyzing it is very clear that the bank’s performance evaluation scheme has many shortcomings which have to be taken care of else the deserving manger would rather be punished than getting rewarded. And if this policy implemented as it is, it may lead to demoralization of employees and fall in overall performance of the company. RecommendationsSince five of the six performance measures in James’ year-end evaluation were â€Å"above par†, the customer satisfaction rating was the only one that caused a significant challenge and had substantial financial repercussions for James’ year-end bonus, which was a significant part of his base salary. Based on his customer satisfaction scores, which was â€Å"below par† according t o the banks written guidelines, his total evaluation could be only â€Å"on par† in spite of the fact that he excelled in five other performance areas. In this backdrop two alternatives exist for the company: Implement Lisa’s decision:According to Lisa the evaluation could cause James to consider leaving the company, not even so much because of the reduced bonus, but also because of the feeling of being treated unfairly or not being valued by the company. She recognized that losing James would be a significant loss for the bank, notwithstanding the fact that it would be hard to find as qualified and dedicated manager as James for the particular branch wherein he brought about a dramatic improvement in customer satisfaction score in the fourth quarter from 54 to 72 and took personal pride in successfully running the hardest branch in the division.Not only would it be a substantial financial shortfall in total annual compensation for James, but it would also deal a blow to his self-esteem. She was in favor of providing the due to James even though the branch couldn’t perform under customer service parameter. The outcome of the decision would have been: a. Awarding of ‘above par’ rating to James b. Overriding the system and provide James with a bonus of 30% The decision will reward James’s hard work and commitment towards the organization and will provide him the boost and motivation to perform better. However, there are cons to the decision which are much critical than the gains: a.Resentment among other 30 Branch Managers will develop and they will also demand the compensation even though they weren’t able to achieve all the parameters. Thus achievement in any five parameters of the six will led them to demand the same level of compensation even though the efforts and results are not in commensuration with James one. This is attributable because of the range provided in the Performance evaluation sheet. b. Undue f avor or biased decision will harm company’s management team reputation and will act as a precedent for deviating from defined standards. c. The very motive of the bank to improve upon the customer atisfaction level in the branches will be defeated as there wouldn’t be an incentive or motivation for James to achieve the parameters as laid down in the performance scorecard. Follow standard norms and communicate openly detailing company’s objective and concern: This alternative also serves as our recommendation for the company to adopt in this particular case. As James is not only ambitious, highly qualified employee but also a mature person. He should be briefed by both the officials in a special meeting to explain company’s position and adopting a decision to remain consistent across the bank.Even though he delivered an exceptional performance, the customer survey was the sole reason to give him an overall par rating which led to lowering of his bonus. He should be recognized and rewarded suitably for his overall excellent performance and management should express concern of their inability and problem to reward his actual contribution by rating him above par. All the reasons cited above should be duly explained to him and also future steps to be taken by the management for the improvement of the performance scorecard should also be mentioned accordingly so that his future results are not jeopardized.He should be assured of the best possible addressing of his requests and branch issues by providing him the highest priority in the issues concerned. Implementation This is the first year the balanced scorecard was implemented. Thus, the shortcoming of the scorecard is to be addressed so that all the areas are measured appropriately. Management should review the survey and get some input from Branch Managers on what indicators are more suited towards customer satisfaction which are totally under the control of th branch and not externall y linked.As a token of valuing James performance highest priority is to be assigned to his requests and he should be guided properly in the area of customer satisfaction There may be possibility of balancing other exceptional achievements with other areas and keeping rewards for some of the essential parameters separately. This will act as an additional incentive for people to always perform to the best of their capabilities. References * http://hbr. org/product/citibank-performance-evaluation/an/198048-PDF-ENG * Dr. Payal Mehra (2012),  Business Communication for Managers, Pearson Education

Negligence

IntroductionNegligence is a branch of civil law known as tort .tort is defined as a civil wrong in the form of breach of duty from which the legal remedy is an award of damage. Negligence is the doing of something which a reasonable person would not do or the failure to do something that a reasonable person would do which inflicts harm. Negligence covers wide area this meaning that it does not only involve careless conduct and involves a combination of the concepts of duty, breach and sufficient connection in law. The plaintiff does not have to prove that the defendant either intended his act or its consequences. Negligence is based on three essentials which the plaintiff must prove on the base of probability in order to succeed in an action in negligence, this are(i) Duty of care (ii) Standard of care (iii) Sufficient connection in lawDuty of care (dongue v Stevenson)Did the defendant owe the plaintiff a duty of care? This is the question we ask, which the plaintiff must prove on th e balance of probabilities. if no duty of care is owed the plaintiff calm must fail .the judge has the responsibility for deciding whether or not a duty of care exists as the issue is a question of law having regard to the fact of the case . The method used to test the duty of care will differ depending on whether this case involves negligence advice or negligence act Negligence acts are based on the doctrine of-Reasonable foresees ability -Proximity.Reasonable foreseeability Where in reasonable foresee ability we get to ask was the defendant able to foresee that his action or omission would cause harm or injury to the plaintiff? . plaintiff must prove that a reasonable person in similar circumstance to the defendant would be aware that their conduct may create a risk of harming the other person .breach of duty at this stage the concept of reasonable foresbility is concerned with the nature of the risk that has been created by the defendants conduct .in other words how would a  re asonable person respond to what exact type of risk.This is concerned with setting standards of acceptable conduct that will be determined with reference to range of factors including the likely consequences on the plaintiff if the risk eventuates and the burden that would be imposed on the defendant to remove the risk (Sullivan v moody ) (2001) 207 CLR 562 . The following steps are the once the court broad approach seems to involve in determining duty of care3.1Analogies –recognized duties of careDetermine whether there was a reasonably foreseeable risk of injury without that they can be never a duty of care .Determine whether the case is closely analogous to other cases in which duty of care has a ready been established .If not look to the salient features of the case to determine whether they reveal a sufficiently close neighbor relationship to warrant finding a duty of care3.2.2Neighborhood factorThe friend had brought a bottle of ginger beer after she had drunk some of th e ginger beer she poured the remaining onto a dish and decomposed remains of a snail floated out of the bottle .she suffered shock and gastroenteritis .she sued the ginger beer manufacture. Was the manufacture liable to her negligence? The manufacture was reliable.The court held the manufacturers have general duty to entire consuming public to ensure their products do not contain potentially dangerous effects that can be discovered on a reasonable inspection lord Atkins said that you must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omission which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor. Who the in law is your neighbor? The answer seems to be persons who are closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to act or omission3.2 .3 Social policyDuty of care will not generally be found if doing so would subject the defendants to an intermediate liability. policy considerat ion also apply in wide range of other cases where they allow the court to weigh competing consideration of legal policy to determine whether despite proof of foreseeability and neighbor hood duty should not be imposed either a tall the party need to succeed in his action. What this means is that general  policy issues are only taken into account where it would have been unreasonable to have expected the defendant to have done what would have been nesecassary to prevent the harm that occurred (stovin v wise)3.2.4ProximityWas the defendant so close that the plaintiff had to have him in mind? We have three ways to determine this (i) By physical proximity between the person or property of the plaintiff and the person or property of the defendant (ii) By circumstantial proximity that which exists in particular circumstances (iii) By causal proximity in the sense of closeness of directness of the relationship between the defendant particular act or omission and injury that the plaintiff sustained4.0 Duty of care for negligence advicesThere are clear differences between negligence word and negligence advice. Negligence words cannot cause loss by themselves. They cause loss only because persons act on them in reliance. second it is uncommon for people in social or informal context to make statements less carefully than if they were given advice in business or professionally the last words may be foreseeable receive such a coverage or circulation that application of (dongue v Stevenson) might lead to many claims for large amounts damages in the case (shaddock and associates v Parramatta city council {1981} 150 CLR 225) developed the following test of question4.1 Development of the law(i)Was the advice given on a serious matter? (ii)Did the speaker realize that or ought to have realized that his advice would be acted upon (iii)Was it reasonable for the recipient to act on the advice? Once the fact of the case supports the test it can be concluded that the advisor owed the plaintiff a duty of care4.2 Shaddock test, reliance and assumption of responsibility Shaddock and associate were interested in purchasing some land for development before they made enquires with the local council to ensure there were no plans that would affect they development the Parramatta city council issued a statement saying that there were no plans that would affect the block of land.Soon after purchasing the Parramatta council widened the road making the block smaller .shaddock could  not develop the land as planned because the block had become smaller .if they sold the land shaddock would lose the money because the value had dropped If someone gives information that they know will be relied upon and it is reasonable for others to rely upon it then there is duty to take reasonable care that the information is correct The advisor owed the plaintiff a duty of care in the case of shaddock associate v Parramatta city council5.0 Sufficient connection in lawThe plaintiff mus t prove that there was sufficient connection in law between the injury and the conduct. To satisfy this plaintiff must show that the breach actually caused the injury suffered which was due to reasonably foreseeable consequences’ of the breach. Sufficient connection in law has two components Causation -the defendant acts caused the plaintiff injury or loses Remoteness –if the defendant’s conducts did cause damage to the plaintiff is the defendant liable for the damage suffered by the plaintiff resulting from his negligence conductThe plaintiff must suffer actual damage recognized in law .the injury suffered by the plaintiff may fall in one of this classification personal physical injury loss of eye in mechanical injury, loss of hand in construction injury Property damage –involve actual physical damage to property Monetary or financial lose –involve lose of moneyLoses of wages5.1 Causation We ask the question on a balance of probability. Did the de fendant cause the plaintiff injury or lose? And to answer this we have some case test that we use5.1.1 But for test The but for test formulated by lord denning in cork v Kirby MacLean is useful for determining causation although it has limitations If you say damage would not have happened but for a particular fault then that fault is in fact a cause of the damage, but if you say the damage would have happened just the same fault or not, then the fault is not the cause of the damage when this happens you find both parties say but for your a fault it would not have happened but it’s both faults are the cause.In other words if the damage would not have happened without a particular fault then that  fault was the cause .the damage would have happened just the same way with or without the fault then the fault was not the cause (cork v Kirby Maclean ltd) The but for test to have some limitation for example say A and B light a fire independently each other in different places and meet up and burns down some house. Under the but for test neither B nor A is reliable as the house would still have burned by the other fire if he hadn’t lit a fire however in particular both would be held equally liable5.1.2 The common sense testThe high court has expressed dissatisfaction with the† but for test† and its limitation .pentony graw, lennard and parker (2003,p. 386) a preferred approach is to ask on the balance of probability the defendants acts or omission caused or materially contributed to the plaintiff loss damage or injury. The common sense test ask a question of fact (March v stramare (E&MH) pty ltd (1991)171CLR 506)5.1.3 Novus actus intervenesCertain activities or action may happen to prevent or break a chain of events or procedures and render the defendant not liable for particular losses suffered by the plaintiff. Consider an employee injured at work due negligence of his employer. they are been rushed to the hospital and the car he is in is involved in another accident causing further injuries to the patient .is the employer liable for this other accident suffered? Under this act it intervenes and rules that perhaps it carelessness of the other road users so the employer is not the cause and is not liable (knightly v johns {1982})5.2 REMOTNESSIn remoteness we look at the amount of damages the defendant is liable for. The defendant is not necessary liable for all the damages cause as the law must draw the line somewhere. In the case of wagon mound the defendant is not liable only for the kind of damage that were reasonably foreseeable that is damage suffered was not too remote. Example the defendant carelessly places a wooden plank which falls into a plaintiff ship hold and to unknown in both parties is full of vapors. The falling plank strikes and ignites the vapors with serious damages results with remoteness the defendant was not able to foresee that so the defendant is only liable for those type or kind  of injur y that are necessary foreseeable5.2.1 TEST OF REASONABLE FORESEEBILITYClearly personal injury or physical damages to property from impact are the kind or type of injury are reasonably foreseeable as the results of being hit by the plank, whilst an explosion is arguably to farfetched to be reasonably foreseeable .however if the defendant had known that the hold was full of vapor then the explosion may then be seen as reasonably foreseeable as a consequence of the plank5.2.2 EGG SHELL SKULL RULEEgg shell skull rule qualifies remoteness the issue of reasonable foreseebility in relation to personal injury .once the type of damage that is reasonably foreseeable is personal injury then the defendant is liable for all of that kind of injury actually suffered that s why the rule says that you must take you victim as you find him (egg shell skull rule )hence once some personal injury is reasonable foreseeable example if a person has some heart problem the you tell him to go and work in place where his heart will be affected and he collapses the egg shell rule applies (smith v leech brain &co ltd {1962})6.0 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ESSENTIAL ON DEFENDANT LIABILITYThe requirement that a plaintiff establish that a duty is owed by the defendant places a limit on the situation in which liability can arise in the first place . once the existence of duty care and its breach has been established , the requirement the plaintiff damages actually suffered not be too remote (that is reasonably foreseeable )place a limit on the extent of the defendant s liability .that is a duty of care limits when liability can rise in the first place ,and once establish ,remoteness limits its extent6.1 DAMAGESDefinition Damages is the sum of money payable by a defendant found the main purpose of an award of damage is fair compensation rather than punishment or retribution loss means the damage or loss suffered and can be in personal  property or pure economic terms damage is the sum of money awarded for loss or damage suffered 6.2CLASSIFICATION OF LOSSLosses for damage are awarded in negligence fall into two categories pecuniary And non pecuniary   Pecuniary loss is defined as loss which can be valued or determined by monetary value an award of damage for pecuniary loss aims to return the plaintiff as close as possible to the position he would have been in had the injury not occurred Non pecuniary – is defined as loss which is difficult to asses or determine precisely in money term. Award of damage for non pecuniary loss aim to compensate the plaintiff for their pain and suffering loss of amenity, expectation of life and so on as a result of the injury7.0ConclusionIn negligence we have to proof that duty off care was owed to the plaintiff by the defendant so that we can have been able to connect it with the law. If no duty of care is owed the plaintiff clam must fail. The judge has the responsibility to decide whether or not duty of care exists. If there are clear fac ts about it then duty of care is owed to the plaintiff. After establishing duty of care was owed the plaintiff must show that there was sufficient connection in law between the injury and the conduct to satisfy this the plaintiff must show that the breach actually caused the injury suffered which was type was a reasonable foreseeable

How to Send AP Scores to Colleges

How to Send AP Scores to Colleges SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you've taken AP exams, you might be wondering how to send AP scores to colleges. How do you ensure that colleges get your AP scores? Is it possible to send official AP score reports? Here, we give you a complete guide that goes over how to send AP scores, which colleges want to see these scores with your applications, and how you can save money on sending scores. Do You Need Official AP Score Reports for Your Applications? First off,do colleges want the official AP score report when you're applying,or is it just for the purpose of verifying scores once you've enrolled? This is important to know before you spend any money to send your scores. Turns out, AP scores often appear on your high school transcript.Ask your guidance counselor whether your school includes AP scores on its transcripts or not. Furthermore, there is a place on the Common Application where you can self-report your AP scores. Given this information, and by looking at college websites and contacting admissions offices, we’ve learned that most colleges want applicants to self-report AP scores on their applications,and only send in an official report once they've committed to attending. This means you’ll only submit one official AP score report in your life, once you’ve chosen the college you want to go to. Here's what a Harvard admissions representative said when we called their office: "For the application we need at least one official report for the SAT or ACT. If you take the SAT Subject Tests, you should send one as well ... For AP tests, you can self-report your scores." Stanford and MIT said the same thing as well. Princeton puts this policy directly on their website: "We recommend that you self-report all of your AP or IB scores on your application. You must submit your SAT and/or ACT scores to Princeton directly from the testing firms." Yale has a similar policyon its website: "If you have Advanced Placement (AP) scores, we recommend that you self-report them in the space provided in the testing section of the Common Application, Coalition Application, or QuestBridge National College Match Application." Don’t confuse sending AP scores with sending SAT/ACT scores- those scores have to be sent for admission directly from the testing agency (the College Board or ACT, Inc., respectively). Exception: Schools With Flexible Standardized Testing Policies Although most colleges don't require AP scores and prefer applicants to self-report any scores they have on their applications, there is an exception to this ifyou're applying to a college that has a flexible standardized test policy.For example, if you're applying to NYU, you can submitthree AP test scores in place of the SAT/ACT for admission. If you're submitting AP scores as your standardized test scores, they must be on an official score report or on a report by a school official.In other words, you can't just self-report your scores. Therefore, if you’re a senior looking to send AP scores to your chosen college, or if you’re applying to a school that has a flexible-testing policy, such as NYU, you’ll need to know how to send scores. Keep reading to learn how! You can use your AP scores, instead of the ACT or SAT, to apply to NYU. How to Send AP Scores Using Your AP Answer Sheet Every year you take AP Exams, you have the opportunity to send one free AP score report. You do this by entering the four-digit code of the college, university, or scholarship program on your AP answer sheet. (Your AP Booklet will include an index with codes for most colleges and universities, but you can also look up codes here.)This is a great way to get all your AP scores sent during your senior year to the college you’ve chosen to attend, free of charge! I called the College Board and confirmed that when you use this service, it sends allAP scores you have ever gotten and not just that year’s scores. If you're a senior, you will have made your college choice by the time of AP exams(the reply deadline is May 1, and AP exams are held the first two weeks of May), so go ahead and send your scores to your future school. You can send these free scores if you want during your freshman, sophomore, and/or junior year, but keep in mind that it’s not really necessary to do this since you’ll be self-reporting your AP scores on your college applications anyway. Furthermore, I strongly recommend not sending your AP scores to your dream/reach schools when you're a freshman, sophomore, or juniorfor the same reason I'm hesitant about sending the free ACT/SAT score reports- you're sending your scores blind, and you don't want to send bad ones! Although one bad AP score isn’t exactly going to ruin your college admission chances, I think it’s safer to wait and report AP scores on your actual application. If you're a freshman, sophomore, or junior, just focus on doing well on the AP tests- not sending scores. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. How to Order AP Score Reports Online, Anytime If you forget to use the free score report option your senior year, or if you’re sending AP scores for an application, follow the steps below to learn how to send scores online at any point in the year. First,log in to your College Board account to view and send your AP scores. On the first page after you log in, click on the "Send Scores to Colleges Now" button to get started. Your scores are right below this, organized by year. Look up the college (or colleges) you're sending scores to, pay the fee, and then receive a confirmation and expected delivery date. The fee for standard delivery of AP score reports is $15 per report, andthe fee for rush delivery is $25 per report. Standard delivery takes about seven to 14 business days, while rush delivery takes approximately five to nine business days. Standard delivery should be just finesince you are most likely sending these senior year in time for your registrar’s office to receive them before classes start your freshman year of college. Check with your college’s registrar to get the deadline for submitting AP scores. If you're submitting AP scores for college applications, be mindful of deadlines so you can send your scores using standard delivery and save some money. Note that since June/July is a busy time for score reports, orders placed between June 15, 2018, and July 2, 2018, won't be processed and sent until July 3. To make up for this, these reports will be processed on July 3 as rush delivery but will cost the cheaper standard delivery fee ($15). If you're a senior, check your college's deadline for receipt of AP scores for credit and placement to make sure that your scores will arrive on time given the June/July score crunch. Additional Ways to Order AP Score Reports If you can't order AP score reports online for some reason, you may instead submit a request to the College Board by either mail or fax. #1: By Mail To order AP score reports by mail,submit a written, signed request with your payment method. Your request should include the following information: Your full name You mailing address Your phone number Your sex You date of birth AP number(s) Your Social Security number (if you provided it on your answer sheet) Name and address of your high school Full name(s) of the AP exam(s) for which you're sending scores Year(s) you took the AP exam(s) Credit card number with expiration date, check, or money order Name, city, state, and four-digit code(s) for the college(s) you're sending AP scores to You'll then mail the request to the following address: AP ServicesPO Box 6671Princeton, NJ 08541-6671 #2: By Fax If you'd rather order AP scores by fax,submit a signed, written request that includes all the information listed above to the AP Services fax number:610-290-8979. You must also include your credit card number and expiration date in your request. 2 Other AP Score Report Options You have a couple of additional options you can use if you don't want to send one or more of your AP scores. #1: AP Score Withholding You can withhold one or more AP scores from any college you're sending AP scores to. This is a helpful solution if you have a bunch of 4s and 5s but also a 2 you're embarrassed about. It costs $10 per score per college to withhold a score.You have tomail an official request to the College Boardto take advantage of this option. The score you choose to withhold won't be included on any future AP score reports sent to that college,and it won't be deleted from your records. You can later release the score to that college (if desired) by sending AP Services a signed written request. Note that it won't cost you any extra money to release a withheld score. Is this option worth it, though? Not if you’re sending your AP scores to a college you’ve already gotten into. By the time you’ve gotten accepted, that school is probably more concerned with the tests you passed and aren’t going to kick you out just because you have some lower AP scores. However, if you’re applying to a school with a flexible standardized test policy and only want them to see your top scores, this might be a good option for you. Especially since these schools often only require a few AP scores, it would be fine to leave off any lower scores you have so you can present your best case for admission. #2: AP Score Cancellation It's also possible to completely cancel an AP score. Canceling an AP test score deletes it forever. You can cancel an AP exam at any time, but you have to cancel by June 15 the year you take the AP test to prevent it from showing up on the score report being sent to the college you designated on your AP answer sheet. While canceling technically doesn't cost any money, you're losing the money you spent to take the exam. Our advice? Don’t go through the hassle of canceling a score if you’re just submitting your AP score report to your chosen college. Again, they’re not going to revoke your admission thanks to one low AP score. You can make your own call on this if you have a low score (1 or 2) you don’t want a college to see, and you’re submitting a score report for an application. That said,colleges generally want to see that you’ve taken the AP exam after taking an AP class. Withholding might be the better option since you’ll still have access to that test score in case you decide you want to keep it. Finally,never, ever delete a score of 3 or higher! Don't just assume that no place will accept your 3. The truth is that many colleges accept scores of 3 or higher on AP exams. And since you don’t know how the college admissions process will shake out for you until senior year, you might regret hastily deleting a 3 you could have used for credit! What’s Next? Taking AP exams is great, but did you know many colleges look for SAT Subject Tests as well? Get a complete list of colleges that require SAT subject tests for admission here. Have you taken the SAT or ACT yet? Happy with your score? Learn what a good or bad ACT/SAT score looks like at your top schools. Will taking AP classes help you get into Harvard? Maybe- but they’re not the only component you need. Get an in-depth guide for getting into the nation’s top schools by our resident SAT full scorer and PrepScholar co-founder, Allen Cheng. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Should people who commit racist crimes go to jail for a long essays

Should people who commit racist crimes go to jail for a long essays Hate crimes has been a tragic part of American history. Hate crimes are violent acts consciously directed against people, property or organizations because of the group to which they belong are identified with. These crimes have also been associated with how long sentences should be for these crimes. Longer sentences for hate crimes have been mostly effective and very helpful for the victim and/or the victims family to get over their grief with ease. This report will help you decide weather or not longer sentences are necessary of Before getting into the issue at hand, you should know a little about the past of racism and hate crimes and what may have started this whole controversy Back in the 1960s , there was an ac that was put into effect. This act was called the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This act prohibits discrimination in employment, public accommodations and federal funding. It also gives the Justice Department power to act to protect civil rights. This act came about during the Civil Rights movement. The Civil Rights movement achieved important victories that has changed the history of America. Congress passes legislation prohibiting racial, religious or ethnic discrimination. During the 70s, Affirmative action programs fuel tensions between whites and racial minorities. Many immigrants have came to the United States from Asian countries. This is because of the jobs the United States had to offer. Discriminatory harassment has also been increasing in the 1980s. Racial tensions on college and university campuses, leading to adoption of codes prohibiting discriminatory harassment. Many students werent able to do the same things as other students because of their race. This made many of the citizens prejudice during this time. During the 1990s, speech codes became a huge problem. Criticism of campus speech codes mounts from conserv...

Good Manufacturing Practices Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Manufacturing Practices - Case Study Example I am working in a Japanese pharmaceutical company Takeda in Ireland. It is a research based largest pharmaceutical company in Japan and one of the global leaders of the industry. I consider it to be a privilage to be with such an esteemed organization. Basically, I am involved in dispensing raw materials and controlling coating process. The raw materials that are the basic ingredients of any medicine needs to be passed through GMP to be qualified, sourced properly, and tested before release into use. Though these regulations vary in different part of the world, they are responsible to creating business and compliance challenges. Poor quality medicines or those medicines that are not manufactured using GMP can damage health. For instance, a poor quality medicine may contain toxic substances that have been unintentionally added, causing damage to health or even death. The use of GMP is absolutely necessary in each and every steps starting from selecting the raw materials till the finish product is sealed and packed properly. If the coating of the drug is not good, it may loose most of its valuable ingredients by the time it reaches the consumer. It is a well known fact that a medicine that contains little or none of the claimed ingredient will not have the planned therapeutic effect. I believe that failure to comply with GMP regulations can result in very serious costs as well as product recall, seizure, termination of manufacture, fines, and even imprisonment. Every time we take a medicine we can have confidence that the medicine has been manufactured in accordance with GMP because it has today become a global standard. GMP along with expert assessment gives us a clear overview that every medicine is safe to use, will have the necessary efficiency and will be of the right quality (emeu.eu, N.D.). GMP or the recently updated cGMP, where the "c" corresponds to "current," remind manufacturers that they must utilize technologies and systems which are modern and abide by with the regulation. Under current GMP rules and regulations which is the latest version of GMP, it is the pharmaceutical manufacturer who is accountable for the entire operations (Saffron Media Pvt. Ltd., 2004). There are a variety of practices that ensure quality: some of them are as follows: "raw materials quality declaration; maintaining correct substances all the way through the manufacturing process; standards for hygiene and safety; in-house testing; production and process controls; and warehousing and distribution" (Dietary Supplement Quality Initiative, 1999). I am responsible for dispensing raw materials and controlling coating process. As a result of following GMP my working environment is much more safe and efficient. Additionally, these regulations require that manufacturers, processors, and packagers of drugs, to take positive steps to make sure that their products are secure, unadulterated, and effective. GMP regulations necessitate an extremely good manufacturing process, allow companies to reduce or even eliminate probable chances of contamination, mixups, and errors. Failure of companies to meet the terms with GMP can result in very serious costs. Studies have shown that GMPs offer quality assurances that off-the-shelf testing cannot. In fact,

Pere Goriot Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pere Goriot - Essay Example This novel shows how difficult it can be to maintain a loving relationship in the modern world. Through the character of Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, it is possible to see that while love is achieved at points in this novel, it is no longer the traditional version of love. It is a new, modern version where certain faults and attitudes must be ignored in order to make things work. One such example of a character who cannot truly love another is Eugà ¨ne de Rastignac, who does not have any interest in the women he pursues, but it rather more interested in improving his position in society. This is shown by the fact that he abruptly halts his pursuit of Madame de Restaud and begins his pursuit of Madame de Nucingen simply because of who the latter’s father is. As the novel progresses, Rastignac does develop true feelings for Delphine. This, however, blinds him to her true character, as she is only involved with him for selfish intentions. He deceives himself into believing that she is not as bad as she seems, but it is clear that she is only involved with him for her own interests and, therefore, does not truly love him. While this relationship does eventually become sincere, it only becomes so because of Rastignac’s decision to ignore all of Delphine’s faults and to love her anyways. This makes the relationship seem somewhat forced, as Ra stignac has to make a decision to love this selfish person, rather than simply looking out for his own good. This could be viewed as a modern form of love, implying that the old love where people are perfect for one another no longer exists. Another character that is affected by Rastignac is Victorine. She is a young girl who falls for the first attractive man who shows interest in her, which is not true love, but is rather based on inexperience. Rastignac does not truly love her, but he leads her on in order to possibly marry her for her father’s money.

1.The purpose of this coursework is to examine current fiscal and

1.The purpose of this is to examine current fiscal and monetary policies by the UK government and their effectiveness and impact on GDP and interest rates using graphical and regression analysis - Coursework Example In essence, the IS-LM model is a macro-economic tool demonstrating the relationship between interest rates and real out-put in the goods and services market and the money market. It is a combination of goods market and money-market equilibriums. The aggregate model describes general equilibrium situation in macro-economy. IS-LM model is based on assumption of fixed price level. This implies that general price level will not abruptly adjust when economic conditions alter. Suppose there is an increase in demand. Given supply, the increase in demand should produce an increase in price level (and in quantity exchanged within market). The period within which it stays unaltered is short run. The time series traits of variables using three tests reveal most of variables are stationary with intercept. This captures non-zero mean under alternative hypothesis. Nonetheless, many variables are non-stationary with constant and deterministic time trends. This captures deterministic trends under this alternative. The variables may therefore be regarded as stationary and does not require differencing. The IS Curve is representative of the equilibrium points in goods market, that is, the combinations of r and Y for which investments (I) are equal to savings (S). It is important to remember that investment is negatively related to real interest rate and is non-dependent on level of real output/income. Saving has a positive relationship to real interest rate and further increases with income. Various scholars have argued that the European sovereign debt crisis is traceable to the nineties whereby the 15 member states then, deliberated on the benefits of establishment of a common regional currency (Sgherri & Zoli, 2009). Despite agreeing on certain debt targets, there are many instances where member states out-rightly failed to adhere to the ceiling limits. Despite this obvious violation, no financial sanctions were imposed on

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Today doing business is no longer a matter of creating the best products or making the most profit, it has developed to a matter of how? Due to scandals including child labour, poor working conditions and neglect of safety and health regulations, companies worldwide have been forced to revaluate their moral and ethical standards. Consumers are now caring about much more than just the product, which compel companies to monitor manufactures, secure labour standards and to be aware of the environment. This new phenomenon is called Corporate Social Responsibility or by its shortening CSR. Some companies like HM or Zara have rejected to be involved in CSR. Others have taken CSR to a whole new level. Nike Inc. has during the past years not only followed the recent development within CSR but the apparel mastodon has also evolved to be a role model. Nike has as many other companies renewed their supply chain and methods of manufacturing. Their newest motto â€Å"Innovative for a better world† describes their efforts at the most, but their new system of ranking manufactures, their Materials Sustainability Index that provides designers with information on the potential environmental impact of the products they use, recycling program of old shoes and their new manufacturing process of their recent shoe â€Å"Flyknit† with minimal waste speaks for it self. Nike has with these investments proved they are willing to â€Å"Innovate for a better world† but how does it affect Nikes marketing environment and will these investments comply with the overall concept: Making money? Nike is market leader within athletic products worldwide and is considered the 26th most powerful brand by Forbes. The athletic brand has an annual turn over on 21.8 billion dollars and spends 2.7 billion dollars on advertising every year. The importance of Nike is not to be mistaken. Therefore their latest investments in CSR are a huge boost to the issue. Many huge companies such as HM and Zara have rejected to invest in CSR although their have been numerous scandals of poor working condition and child labour, which shows not all companies are willing to invest in sustainability and social causes. Nike has actually been involved in such  scandals, but denied all accusations. Nike has however with these new methods shut up all the critics. The company has been known for innovate shoes and closes to new standards and has used their strength in innovation to create new business methods: â€Å"Our vision is clear: to help NIKE, Inc. and our consumers thrive in a sustainable economy where people, profit and planet are in balance† . Nike is, according to this quote, trying to accomplish the almost impossible and create a win–win situation for the company it self and its marketing environment. But is this possible? I believe so! They have created better work conditions for employees of their manufactures because of the pressure Nike has put on theme. Nike rate the manufactures with gold, silver and bronze medals and have set the goal of all manufactures should have a bronze medal by 2020. And although Nike has made huge investments in innovating their products to new manufacturing and product standards with focus on low environmental damage and a lot of recycling and therefore probably raised their prices, consumers actually stand by Nikes new methods although raised prices usually do not get the approval of the average consumer. Nikes revenue has increased from 18,528 million dollar in 2009 to 25,313 million dollar in the fiscal year of 2013. This could be caused by the increased prices of their products but Nikes return on invested capital has followed the same development and has increased from 17.8 % in 2009 to 23,8 % in the fiscal year of 2013. What is more, all this is accomplished during a very difficult financial period, which only gives Nike extra credit. Furthermore Nike is increasing the competitive situation when they implement other competitive parameters than just product or price. Nike is also forcing the consumers to make a choice: Cheap products manufactured by brands, who do not have the same CSR – profile as Nike and therefore do not care about sustainability, the environment or employees of the manufactures, who often work under poor conditions and put their lives on the risk every day, just to make some close or Nike who are trying to do the right thing and change these things. I am a big fan of Nike’s new manufacturing methods! They seem to have made  the impossible and made a win – win situation. They keep innovating new clothing and shoes, which becomes popular the moment it hits the market. And they accomplish this wonder contemporary with investing in better work conditions, sustainability and low environmental damage. Additionally they keep improving their accounting figures, even in difficult financial times! Absolutely amazing in my opinion! B: Blog Then it happened again. A huge company forgot to do their research properly. We have seen it before when the Japanese car manufacturing giant Mazda named their car â€Å"MR2†, which means faeces in the French language or when Warner Brothers named their new big movie wonder â€Å"Free Willy†, which is not the nicest word in the British language. This time it was the American athletic brand Nike, which released their new shoe â€Å"Black and Tan† close to St. Patrick’s Day. It was a tribute to the huge beer brewery Guiness, which also inspires the shoe, which includes an illustration of a beer in the sole. Usually that kind of shoe would have been popular among the beer loving Irish people. But Nike’s marketing people forgot one thing: The Black and Tan was a violent British paramilitary, which ravaged the Irish independence wars and among this the atrocities of Bloody Sunday. Not a name you want to use for a shoe honoring the Irish peoples most favo rite company. And Nike has experienced the consequences of the mistake. Nike has put a lot of money into innovating and advertising the shoe, which only makes the fault bigger. Some simple research or a Googling of â€Å"Black and Tan† could have averted the problem. Nike has now made a shoe to tribute Guiness that they cannot sell in Ireland. It may have ruined Nikes reputation and brand in Ireland and it has cost Nike million of dollars in manufacturing the shoe and may even cost billions of dollars in losses of future sales in Ireland. Hopefully Nike and other companies have learned their lesson and in the future understand the importance of cultural research.

Confucius :: essays research papers

Confucius   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If our government was run for the people, and not for the enrichment of its rulers, the US would be a more tightly unified nation. Confucius stressed that a government be run for the well-being of the people, and if that was applied today, results would be outstanding. Confucius also said to put aside military conquests and to work for the good of the country. Applied today, that would really help our USA.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Confucius taught that government should be run for the well-being of the people. For that to happen, more power has to be given to state governments, in order to really suit the needs of the countries people. The government could narrow down on the struggles of each part of the country. I think they would find a good number of the struggles to be similar. Therefore, stated would work together in order to solve universal problems. For example, you could eliminate a problem in Olympia, Washington and Miami, Florida at the same time. Because of their similar problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another teaching of Confucius is to put aside military conquests and focus on the good of the country. The US definitely needs to do this. Every day on television we see poor, famined children persuading us to support their struggle. Them commercials should be outlawed. The commercials should be on the poor famined kids in the United States. We have our own poverty problem in our country. We should take care of that before we solve another countries problem. The U.S. has also money and military force in the middle east. Sure we get some valuable products from them, but we should solve our own problems before we decide to dive into the rebuilding of some foreign nation.